N $ 
Language and Folklore. 129 
the problem of the universality of human logic and the varying forms 
for expression in many different languages. 
The differentiation in question consists of a grammatico-logical 
contradistinction that asserts itself by the synthesis of the parts of 
the sentence, and that makes a formal appearance in the systems of 
inflection of both nouns and verbs. It does not coincide with what 
we understand by case or mood or tense in our own grammatical 
system, but is closely related to the logical contradistinction between 
transitive and intransitive. 
Examples showing the use of Absolutive and Relative: 
Absolutive Relative 
arnaq = — arnap ‘woman; mother — woman’s; mother’s’ 
arnara — агпата ‘ту mother — my mother’s’ 
gimeq . — qim'ip ‘dog — the dog’s’ 
CHILO АО аа. “his dog) — his, dog's: 
takiwon — takim:at ‘sees — because (when) he sees or saw’ 
lakiwa: — lakim:ago ‘sees him — because (when) he sees or saw him (it) 
lakiwoa — takinama ‘I see — because (when) I see or saw’ 
агпага o'mawon ‘ту mother lives’ (intransitive verb) 
arnara takiwa ‘my mother (she) was seen by him i. e. he saw my mother’ 
агпата qim'ia ‘my mother’s, her (-a) dog.’ arnap qim'ia ‘а woman's (her) dog’ 
qim ip агпа: the dog's, its (-a) mother” 
gim'iäla arna ‘his dog's (its) mother” 
arna‘ta qim'ia ‘his mother's (her) dog’ 
arnama takiwa ‘ту mother (she) saw him (or it)’ 
gin'ip takiwa: ‘the (or a) dog (he, it) saw her (him, it)’ 
arnama ginvia takiwa: Г. my mother’s (her) dog (it) was seen by him 
2) ‘my mother (she) saw his dog’ 
(grammatically ambiguous form of sentence) 
arnama qim’idla takiwa: ‘my mother’s (her) dog saw him (her, it), 
takinama takiwa: ‘when (or because) I saw, he saw him (her, it)’ 
takim'ago o'mawon ‘when he saw it, it (or he) lived’ 
The Absolutive is a form of independence, monumental and 
complete within itself, like the nominative of the Latin noun and 
the finite forms of the verb. The Relative is the corresponding form 
of dependence of the word supplied with a formal criterion of the 
solidary or subordinate function in the sentence, grown out of the 
formative -p or -m (in the singular). The relative condition is rendered, 
as regards the nouns, 1) partly by our genitive of the noun (the dog’s, 
my mother’s) 2) partly by the position of the noun as subject for an 
actually transitive verb, i.e. one that has an object or includes an 
object marked by a personal (i. e. possessive) suffix е. 5. the last а: 
in gimp takiwa: ‘the dog(s) saw him, her, it’ (-a). 
With regard to the verbs the relative is rendered by conjunctions, 
such as ‘because, as, if, when’, etc. 
XL. 9 
