Language and Folklore. 137 
S 47. — The imperative has the shortest form as the personal- 
ending is affixed to the naked verb-stem or has even (with the Ist 
person as an object) penetrated beyond the threshold into the verb’s. 
var bod x р у ’ 
VV У ak:in:a ‘approach to ше! < ak-er-pon. 
The indicative (mode of plain communication) is the proper mo- 
dus finitus, and in many verbs its destination is — like the French 
passé défini — to express what has actually happened and is completed; 
particularly so when the verb is used in its primitive form without 
having modal affixes added on to it. But it does not otherwise indic- 
ate any tense. | | 
Infixes (suffixes) of a modal character that form new verbs 
containing an enhanced and specialized meaning are found in large 
numbers. A summary of these has its proper place in the supplement 
of the dictionary. As a few examples I shall only mention here: 
-csa (-cse, -cso) ‘shall or will’; -tar or -sar or -lar ‘use to’; -ler or -lur, 
-lor ‘begin to’; -ra:r ‘have finished’; -ular ‘resemble, look like’, by 
means of which the future tense and iterative, inchoative, perfective 
etc. modes are formed, respectively. 
. Notes to the synopsis of modal characters (pag. 138). 
As to the «, В (intransitive) and 7, d (transitive) personal endings see $ 42. 
* after a suffix means that this is “limited”, i.e. the use of it is not free, but 
confined to certain verbs within the particular class of conjugation. 
Notes: 1) Instead of g in kapig- etc. many pronounce a 7. 
2) The modal mark r belongs to the verb-stem itself in this class of con- 
jugation. 
3) In intransitive 3d person plural the verbs of class I have the same in- 
flection as those in III—IV, ending in -p'ul or -p'un. о generally becomes 
а u, e an Г before Ё п and $, here as in the following modes and classes. 
4) The vowel and that only alternates regularly when inflected making the 
modal character, е. g. in the interrogative 3d person sing. and plural -wa-, 
-pa, instead of -we-, -pe, in optative 1st person -la instead of -le, in active 
participle 3d person sing. and plural -ga (ma) instead of -gi (pi) ete. 
5) The double forms indicate a varying of the forms for which no fixed rule 
has been observed, but it is not likely that this is ruled only by individual 
arbitrariness. In II class occurs often -(y)alo-, whereas WGr. has -yiL'o-.1 
6) The vowel a takes the place of с in all the inflected possessive forms i. e. 
practically everywhere as the base forms with -e are used extremely rarely. 
7) Here, as in the preceding mode, the varying consonants are due to the 
limitation of these modes to certain verbs (cf. *). In class IV there are a 
few verbs in which this mode is formed on the vocalie stem of the word itself, 
е. 8. alerpa’ ‘it isused by him’ gets this form : azindq ‘that which is used.’ 
8) Many pronounce Q as J. 
1 The forms with -ya in the optative and contemporative modes instead of the 
modern -yi have been in use on the West coast also, cf. Festschrift Vilhelm 
Thomsen (1912) p. 120, notes 2 and 3. 
