Part II,—Stichodactyline and Zoanthee. 139 
Phymanthide, in which the column is provided with longitudinal rows of 
verrucse in its upper part, and terminated by a cycle of rounded acrorhagi. 
Sphincter muscle endodermal and very feeble, or absent. An ectodermal muscular 
and nervous layer are often present on the column-wall and stomodzeum. 
Professor Haddon (1898, p. 495) separates the genus Thelaceros, of Chalmers 
Mitchell (1890), from Phymanthus, solely on account of the absence of verrucze on 
its column-wall. Kwietniewski (1898, p. 419), on the other hand, includes his 
species, P. devis, under the genus, although devoid of these structures, and places 
Thelaceros as a synonym of Phymanthus. It is clearly a matter of little moment 
which limitation is followed. As demonstrating the relationship of the two, it is 
important to note that Mitchell (p. 555) found a thick ectodermal musculature 
on the stomodeeum of his Celebes representative. 
Phymanthus crucifer (Lesueur). 
(LE, op shes IL eral Ds Jel, xii, tress, It eumel 22)) 
Actinia crucifera, . . Lesueur, 1817, p. 174. 
Cereus crucifer (Actinia), Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1866, p. 125; pl. vi, 
fig. 13. 
Phymanthus cruciferus, . Andres, 1883, p. 501. 
Phymanthus crucifer, 5 Worrall, INS), JO, Sil) Olle tos waver, IEG jo inten Wet 
6-11. 
With the exception of the oral disc, the polyps are usually buried in coral sand, 
or gravel; the pedal disc is firmly adherent to rocks and stones, and adapts itself 
to the irregularities of their surface. In preserved specimens the base is flat, with 
coarse radial, and fine circular wrinklings, and is a little larger in diameter than 
the proximal region of the column. 
The column is erect and smooth in the living condition, but exhibits coarse 
transverse and vertical wrinklings in contracted preserved specimens. When alive, 
the polyps are somewhat trumpet-shaped, expanding very slowly from the narrow 
region just above the limbus, until, in the upper region, they extend to two or 
three times their lower diameter. Distally the column is folded, and, én stu, this 
region rests upon the surface of the coral sand. The column is very thin-walled, 
and the lines of attachment of the mesenteries show through. 
to, Prof. Verrill remarks (p. 496): ‘The generic name picystis | Ehr., Corall. rothen Meeres, p. 144, 
1834] was proposed for the Actinia erucifera Les., A. ultramarina Les., and A. granulifera Les., the first 
being put in sect. a. Therefore, it is necessary to take the former as the type of the genus, which is 
evidently entirely distinct from the true Phymanthus. 
