178 Explorations in the Bone Cave of Ballynamintra. 
13 in the list of caves, see part II., p. 180) he found a number of huge bones and a 
skull of very large size. These bones were unfortunately destroyed before they 
were determined. 
In 1859 the late Mr. Edward Brenan, of Dungarvan, discovered in the 
Shandon cave remains of the mammoth, bear, reindeer, horse and other 
animals. * 
The Shandon cave was subsequently visited and partially explored, in 1870, by 
Professors Harkness and Leith Adams. 
In 1875, Professor Leith Adams, having obtained a grant from the Royal Irish 
Academy, still further explored it.| On both these occasions were brought to light 
many interesting remains of the above animals, all of which, including those 
found in 1859, are now in the Museum of Science and Art in Dublin. 
The Ballynamintra Cave, which forms the special subject of this Report was 
discovered by the writer, when in search of bone-cayes, in the year 1878, but owing 
to the lateness of the season it was not explored until April, 1879, when the exca- 
vations were commenced with Professor Leith Adams, who inspected their progress 
from time to time. 
Mr. Kinahan subsequently made a careful survey of the cave, and the Plan and 
Sections were prepared embodying the results of notes taken from the commence- 
ment of the exploration. 
Tl. —Paysrcan FEATURES OF THE VALLEY BETWEEN THE BLACKWATER AND DUNGARVAN 
Bay, WITH A LIST oF Tar Caves, By G. H. Kryanay, m.R.1.A., &e. 
The valley lying between the Blackwater and Dungarvan, drained by the small 
rivers Colligan, Brickey and Finisk, is bounded on the south by the Drum (anglice, 
long low ridge) which is the dividing ridge between the two Decies, and on the 
north by the high ground that extends eastward from Cappoquin to Ballyvoyle 
Head, on the N.E. of Dungarvan (Plate X.) This valley, when the land was about 
100 feet lower than at present, was occupied by an arm of the sea or estuary, the 
margins of which are now more or less perceptible. 
The south margin of the ancient estuary can be easily traced on the north slopes 
of the Drum, consisting of terraces and sloping scarps, but the north margin is 
not as well marked. It can, however, be traced from near Ballyvoyle Head to 
Cappagh House, west of which, in the valley of the Finisk, it is indistinct, as a 
gradual slope of deep drift extends out from the hills for greater or less distances ; 
as we approach Cappoquin, however, it is again well marked. 
* See Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society for 1859, and Dublin Natural History Review for 
October, 1859. 
+ See Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. XXVI. 
