Explorations in the Bone Cave of Ballynamintra. 189 
them in this second stratum were the chipped hammer stones, VI. and VII. (Plate 
XIII°, Fig. 10), with a marine mussel shell and a limpet which occurred at from 
sixteen to nineteen feet from the cave’s mouth. 
In the grey earth were found, besides remains of the above mammals, eight 
bones of rabbit, four of goat, and one each of fox, wolf, badger, and marten. 
Charcoal occurred in this stratum even more abundantly than in the brown 
earth. It formed a seam in the midst of the grey earth, like an old floor or hearth, 
resting on one of the white caleareous seams. )etached lumps of charcoal occurred 
both above and below this charcoal seam. 
The only bone implement from this stratum is the pointed metacarpal of a goat, 
or other small ruminant, apparently worn by use (Plate XIII., fig. 2). This, 
however, does not bear the stamp of great antiquity, as its colour is pale. No 
implement found appears to have been formed from the bones of the Irish elk, nor 
possesses the dendritic marks characteristic of this stratum. Rude stone imple- 
ments however were plentiful. Worn lumps of sandstone from the drift, of shapes 
convenient for using in the hand, were found through the grey earth. These, which 
are fully described in the list of implements, show unmistakable marks of having 
served for striking and cleaving with, possibly for smashing the bones to get at the 
marrow. The rudeness of these implements is as striking as their antiquity, 
associated as they were in the same stratum with remains of the Cervus 
megaceros. 
Crevices. 
It may here be the place to mention that the animal remains lodged in the 
erevices of the rocky walls, though often at a greater depth than the horizon of 
the grey earth, partake of all the characters of the bones found in that stratum. 
A large proportion, thirty-three, of them belonging to the Irish elk, were broken, 
and marked with dendritis. The other bones from the crevices were of hare 
twenty-nine ; deer eight; bear six; pig three; wolf one; rabbit one; and one 
human phalanx. : 
The implements found in the crevices consisted of a bone chisel (Plate XIIL., 
fig. 4), and a knife handle (Plate XIII, fig. 1), also a rude celt, No. XX VIII., found 
with the latter. A few bits of charcoal also occurred in the crevices. 
No. 3.—The Pale, Sandy Earth. 
Under the grey earth was an arenaceous calcareous stratum, from which the 
argillaceous matter seemed to have been generally removed by water. It effer- 
vesced slightly with mineral acids. It was of a pale brown, inclining to ochre, and 
passed in some places into a gravelly sand with small pebbles of old red sandstone ; 
in other places it was fine and compact having an aspect like that of a clay. It 
had no resemblance to the two upper earthy strata, and was only found, as a rule, 
where the stalagmite, next to the described, was broken up. It reached inwards 
