Explorations in the Bone Cave of Ballynamintra. 203 
and by Professor Flower with the same bones in U. maritimus, ferox, ornatus, and 
Americanus, all of which are curved ; whereas, fig. 6 is straight, and the same, 
Dr Flower states, is observed in the os penis of a young U. arctos in the museum of 
the Roval College of Surgeons. The bone, however, is not entire, having lost 
portions of the proximal and distal extremities. Its length is 5 inches, and 
maximum girth 1:5 inches. 
The left ramus of the mandible has lost the condyle, and the diasteme was 
recently injured, but the four molars and canine were in place; the former are 
shown in Plate XIV., figs. 1 and 14. The teeth show a full grown bear, with 
their surfaces scarcely marked by wear, and presenting the porcine character, The 
following are their dimensions :— 
Length. Length. 
Mandible. (a p. d) | (a. p.d) | Breadth. | Breadth. 
Fourth Premolar, ae .| 13+ millimetres *51 inch 9- millimetres *32 inch 
First Molar, . ; lhe 3 ilo} 13° 3 “54 OC, 
Second Molar, .. On sd} alk ss Hols 16: 3 MD 
Third Molar, ; : .| 24: i oS 9 18. is ALE ies 
The fourth premolar has a simple conical crown, without any flanking tubercles. 
As regards size, this tooth is as large as the premolar of the cave bear.* The 
same may be said of the three molars. The second and last are equal to many 
of the largest penultimate and ultimate molars of the great cavern bear. 
The teeth far exceed the dimensions of the U. arctos, and are larger than any 
belonging to the recent U. ferox, that have come under my notice ; indeed, as 
regards size, both bones and teeth generally compare favourably with the largest 
ursine remains found in Irish strata. 
The contour of the crown of the last molar is more quadrangular than usually 
seen in that of Ursus arctos. 
Several entire bones of the foot were found in juxtaposition in the stalagmitic 
floor, such as the right caleaneum (No. 46) and astragal, Plate XIV., fig. 3. The 
latter shows a circular-shaped navicular facet for fig. 2; also a cuboid (No. 19), 
and the left caleaneum (No. 45), were found close to a left astragal (No. 43). 
Individual and race characters greatly affect the external appearance and endo 
skeletons of Ursus arctos and U.ferox ; for example, the isabelline variety of U. 
arctos from the snow-clad ranges of Central. Asia, and the dark brown or black 
races of Europe, are so pronounced, not only as regards the colour of the pelage, 
but also the teeth, that as far as differences are concerned, had they been found in 
fossil states, one could scarcely blame him who pronounced their remains to have 
belonged to different species. 
* The single conical crown, although general in Ursus arctos, may be present, according to Busk, in 
the fourth premolar of U. ferox, both living and fossil. 
2L 2 
