284 Paleo-Geological and Geographical Maps of the British Islands. 
country that was being gradually submerged, and part of the sediment was distrt- 
buted over the Lower Greensand, or along the flanks of the little ranges 
of hills formed out of it, and part over the underlying Oolitic strata. As time 
went on the submergence increased, and more rapidly than the filling up of the 
sea-bed by the accumulation of Upper Cretaceous strata. During the period 
of the Upper Chalk, the submergence reached its maximum. I have already stated 
the great extent of the existing land surface over which the ocean waters spread in 
the centre and south of Europe. The submergence of the north of Ireland, and of, 
at least, the borders of the Scottish Highlands is indicated by the presence of the 
Chalk and Upper Greensand overlying the Lias in County Antrim, and by similar 
beds in the Isle of Mull, and at Bogingarry, in Aberdeenshire.* To what extent this 
submergence progressed is of course uncertain, but we may assume that the more 
elevated districts formed of Paleozoic rocks were not completely under water, 
while it is highly probable that land lay over a large tract of the Atlantic, 
extending westwards from the Scandinavian promontory, as [ have endeavoured to 
represent in Figure 2, Plate XXXII. The highlands of Cumberland, Wales, and 
Ireland were also, in all probability, in the condition of land surfaces. It is more 
uncertain what was the condition of such tracts as those of Dartmoor, in Devon- 
shire, the southern uplands of Scotland and the Isle of Man.t 
The relations of land and sea shown in Figure 2, are those which are supposed 
to have existed during the formation of the Upper Chalk. The more deeply 
submerged areas, extending into France and Belgium, are shown by a deeper tint 
of blue—the more elevated unsubmerged mountain tops by correspondingly 
deeper tints of brown. 
Pirate XXXIII. 
The Tertiary Period (Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene Divisions). 
The Tertiary strata of the British Isles are restricted to the southern parts of 
England, the north-west of Scotland, and the north-east of Ireland. I have 
represented on the map (Figure 1, Plate XX XIII) the position of the deposits 
belonging to the Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene divisions. In dealing with the 
physiology of these deposits we will consider the Eocene and Oligocene in the first 
instance, and the Miocene in the second. 
* As shown by Prof. Judd (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vols, xxxix. and xxx). Professor Judd considers 
that the Cretaceous beds once ‘extended over large portions of Scotland,” from the presence of chalk 
flints beneath the basalts of Mull, &c., as well as from the occurrence of detached outliers both on the 
mainland and in several of the western islands. Jbid., vol. xxix., p. 105. 
+ The distribution of land and sea, as shown in Figure 2, very nearly agrees with the ideas stated 
by Prof. Sir A. Ramsay in his “Physical Geography of Great Britain,” 4th edit., p. 257, 
