/ 
296 Paleo-Geological and Geographical Maps of the British Islands. 
the Quaternary deposits in detail has as’yet been very partially carried out by the 
Government surveyors, or by private agency, and it is of such a character that it 
could not be effectively reproduced on a single map unless one of a scale not 
smaller than 10 miles to the inch, or gy, of. nature.* 
The Upper Boulder Clay referred to above, indicates the recurrence of glacial 
conditions, but not to the extent of those which prevailed during the formation of 
the Lower Boulder Clay or Till. In Lancashire and Cheshire this deposit may be 
seen resting on the interglacial gravels and sands in the banks of the Ribble above 
Preston, and on the coast near Southport, as well as in many other places. 
It consists of red clay with stones and small boulders often glaciated, but the clay 
is laminated, and was evidently formed under water. In the east of England, 
however, it seems to be represented by a second formation of boulder clay formed 
by a second protrusion of Scandinavian ice, and known as “the great chalky 
boulder clay,” described by Messrs. Wood and Rome as a “ lead-coloured clay 
abounding in chalk débris accompanied by stones and boulders of all sorts of rocks.”+ 
It has been traced from Holderness and the Vale of York and identified with 
a similar deposit in Norfolk and Suffolk. In Ireland the Upper Boulder Clay has 
been recognised in numerous places, as at Kilkenny,{ and other central and northern 
localities. § 
* The minute divisions of the Quaternary series are being carefully laid down on the Government maps of 
Belgium, “‘ Commission de la Carte Geologique,” under the department of the Minister of the Interior, 
but the scale is a large one, viz. : sptqo- 
+ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxiv. Mr. §. V. Wood has contributed still more recently another 
elaborate account of the glacial beds of this part of England. 
{See woodcut and section ; Geikie, “‘Great Ice Age,” 2nd edit., p. 395-6. 
§ Hardman, Journ. Roy. Geol. Soc., Ireland, vol. iv., new ser., p. 73. 
