1138 Marvels of the Universe 
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Photo bu} (4. H. Bastin. 
BEDEGUAR GALL ON WILD ROSE. 
At first like a ball of green moss, the Bedeguar later turns crimson, and is then known as Robin’s Pincushion. 
does not appear from the evidence so far ; but it is almost certain that it is useful to the Anemone 
in some way, for the essence of such arrangements is reciprocity, as the present writer has attempted 
to show in his book, ‘‘ Messmates in Nature.’ 
Wells GAVLIES Ole? WWIULID) IROQSIES 
BY E. W. SWANTON. 
THE leaves of the majority of wild roses are attacked by gall-wasps (small insects popularly known 
as “ flies ’) of the same family as those which are associated with the oak-apple and other well- 
known galls which occur on oak-trees. In these wasps there is no alternation of generations, and 
parthenogenesis is not uncommon. The most familiar of all rose-galls is the “‘ Robin’s Pincushion,”’ 
“Moss Gall,” or “ Bedeguar”’ (see above). The last name is probably derived from the Persian 
bad, and Arabic ward, meaning “ Wind-rose.’’ The name “ Moss Gall”’ is applied to it because of 
the mossy outgrowths which completely conceal the fleshy part. The moss rose, so well known 
everywhere, received its popular name from the moss-like fringe into which the edges of the calyx is 
divided. This tendency to produce “ moss ”’ seems to be inherent in our wild roses, and is stimu- 
lated into activity when certain tissues are irritated by the presence of the gall-wasp Rhodites rose. 
It would appear that the tendency may be communicated to the branch bearing galls, though very 
rarely. In 1886 Professor Gautier made the highly interesting observation that a moss-rose branch 
had appeared upon a smooth sepal-rose bush, which had been growing for fifty years in the Garden 
