SUBFAMILY CHRYSOMYINAE 1h7 
bristles divaricate. Otherwise similar to male except for normal 
sexual differences. 
Length. 6.5-12.5 mm. 
Distribution. Holaretic: This species occurs in considerable 
numbers in northern Europe, Asia, Alaska, and Canada. It 
occurs less abundantly in the United States but has been col- 
lected as far south as central Texas and northern Georgia. In 
the western part of the United States the species may be collected 
at high altitudes during the summer. 
The inner and outer forceps of the species vary somewhat in 
length, but are usually about equal. Northern specimens are 
usually darker, more purplish and show less tendency toward 
yellow orange on the antennal segments and at the vibrissal angle 
than do southern specimens, but reared material from a single 
ege mass shows both types of coloration. Northern specimens 
may be more distinctly bristly, and these bristles are apparently 
more erect and hairlike. Several specimens have been seen in 
which the remigium on one side lacks cilia below. 
Bezzi (1907) accepted the name caerulea Robineau-Desvoidy 
(1830) as having precedence over terrae-novae, which is described 
further on the same page. There appears to be no justification 
for this action. Robineau-Desvoidy (1849, p. 4) stated that his 
caerulea and regina were male and female of dispar Dufour 
(1845), which is a synonym of azurea Fallen (1816), although 
that conclusion has not been supported by later investigations. 
There are no apparent differences between numerous speci- 
mens which have been determined as Phormia groenlandica (Zet- 
terstedt) by various authors and the species considered here as 
Protophormia terrae-novae (Robineau-Desvoidy). 
Biology, habits, and immature stages. Egg as in Phormia but 
larger and more elongate, slightly curved, the chorion longi- 
tudinally fluted. — 
Larva.t First instar: Dorsopharyngeal sclerites broad; 
hypostomal sclerite with anterior portions bent sharply dorsally; 
dorsal and ventral prolongations longer than in Phormia; labial 
sclerite composed of one median hook with two short rods and 
eroups of tooth-like structures basally. Complete anterior 
spinose bands on segments 2-9; annulus incomplete on tenth, 
absent dorsally on eleventh, and restricted to ventral region on 
part of lateral surface; narrow posterior ventral bands present 
on segments 6-11, the last with a few dorsal spinose rows; lateral 
fusiform areas on segments 6-10. Spines not heavily sclerotized; 
dome- and wedge-shaped. No tubercles on posterior end. 
‘Adapted from Tao (1927). 
