SUBFAMILY CALLIPHORINAE PAE 
America: Southern Canada to as far south as District of Colum- 
bia and northern Virginia, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and 
California. 
‘The original spelling of the specific name was emended to 
sylvarum by Schiner (1862), and this spelling has been com- 
monly used. 
The small carina described for silvuarwm is more apparent than 
that in elongata and it separates the antennal bases more ob- 
viously. It is similar to the carina of bufonivora, but the anten- 
nal bases are not separated so far in the latter species. 
Heim de Balzae (1937, pp. 181-182) stated that silvarum and 
bufonwora differ only in small details of chaetotaxy and in slight 
modification of the genital apparatus of the males. He considered 
silvarum to be a saprophage and bufonivora to be a parasite. 
Both species, however, are clearly parasitic upon toads and frogs. 
Biology, wmmature stages, and habits. The biologies of the 
several species of Bufolucilia are not well-known. While a con- 
siderable number of interesting facts about the species have been 
published, the whole story is not yet available. Moniez (1876 and 
1878) first noted parasitism in the toad, and Balzac (1937, pp. 
181-182) and Brumpt (1934, pp. 120-126) published upon cer- 
tain phases of the parasitism and biology of bufonivora in 
Europe. The latter author was able to obtain eggs of this species 
only upon live toads; he concluded that it was a true parasite of 
toads and that females of bufonivora were not attracted to any 
other type of food. He reared it from egg to egg upon this host. 
He found the species to have three generations each year in 
France, the diapause to be dependent upon climatic conditions. 
The diapause in bufonivora was studied by Cousin (1933), who 
stated that the species had but two generations each year, the 
second instar being followed by the diapause. Stadler (1930) 
discussed the parasitism of silvarum in Bufo vulgaris, and illus- 
trated, by photographs, the effect upon the host by larvae of this 
species. Full discussions of the known habits together with good 
bibliographies may be found in Kryger (1921) and Brumpt 
(1934.) | 
Wardle (1930) stated that silvarum will oviposit during lat 
afternoon when the intensity of light is low and when atmos- 
pherie temperatures may also be low. 
It cannot always be ascertained whether records of parasitism 
of toads and frogs as reported from the Palaearctic Region are 
based upon silvarum or bufonivora, because some authors have 
not distinguished between the two species. Such parasitism is 
supposedly of rather common occurrence in Hurope. 
