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afforded, and still afford, conditions suitable for the survival of a few of 
these plants and their offspring. Protection of the air in the gorges from 
sunshine by their high, steep sides, and the evaporation of water seeping 
through the porous sandstone walls keep the temperature relatively lower 
than in the open. The evergreen yews and hemlocks hugging the edges of 
the cliffs, and the tiny flat blades of the sword-moss of the most heavily 
shaded, moist sandstone walls, are examples of plants “left” by the glacier, 
isolated from the main body of their species far to the northward. 
What happened to the birds? Specialized for rapid and far-reaching 
movements, it was easy for them to follow the cool climate northward. Even 
so, a few species, which we now call northern in range, might still be 
attracted to Turkey Run to nest if the cool area were larger. But most 
individual birds move about over several acres or more in daily activities 
and hence are not satisfied by an area, even of suitable conditions, which is 
too restricted. However, enough about birds which are not in Turkey Run. 
The avifauna of the park is decidedly not a cross-section of the birds of 
central Indiana. It is heavily lop-sided in woodland species, for there is 
little open ground, and no real marshes or ponds. So the bird student who 
spends several days suddenly becomes aware of the near absence of many 
birds common elsewhere — meadowlark, red-winged blackbird, grasshopper 
sparrow, vesper sparrow, killdeer, starling, bronzed grackle, and barn 
swallow, for example. 
The common birds of the “service area” near the hotel are those which 
prefer open woodland or the edges of forests. In the course of several 
summers spent in the park, the author became especially interested in the 
chipping sparrows. Their living requirements or their “preferences” seem 
practically to restrict them to this service area. They are exceedingly tame, 
often hopping on and about one’s shoes when picking up crumbs scattered 
for them. In summer the adults are literally “run ragged” in caring for 
their gray-crowned, streaked young. Frayed feather-tips, lost wing feathers 
and lean body all show the result of their efforts in gathering food for 
several hungry mouths. Not rarely the youngster being fed is seen to be 
two or three times as large as the solicitous “chippies,” and realization 
comes that a young cowbird is being raised. By marking a number of 
chipping sparrows with colored leg bands, we found that the vicinity of the 
driveway leading to the hotel seemed to be common feeding ground, but 
that individuals commonly seen south of the driveway seldom ventured north 
cf it, and vice versa. Very likely similar divisions of territory exist for 
other bird species. 
Another bird always found in this area, though not restricted to it, is 
the wood pewee. Here it finds the right combination of horizontal limbs of 
oak, elm and beech for nest sites, open flying space for “fly-catching,” and 
dead limbs from which to get an unobstructed view of insects flying nearby. 
If you wish an inspiring and unusual experience when you are in the park, 
set your alarm clock for about 3:00 A.M. in June, or an hour later in August 
(it will be an hour earlier by War Time!) dress warmly, and go out quietly 
to one of the benches on the hotel grounds. Preferably choose one under a 
big oak with some dead limbs near its top. If you sit quietly and luck is 
