18 
THE AUSTRALIAN GARDENER. 
‘increase the depth of soil on the beds. 
There is, perhaps, a little more difficulty 
in keeping the ground as neat as when it 
itis formed in larger squares, with under- 
ground drains and ordinary garden 
walks, owing to the deep sides to the 
beds. 
Planting.—When selecting fruit trecs, 
be sure and procure them with short 
stems, as long stemmed trees are greatly 
subjected to heavy winds which injure 
the roots; the sun is als> apt to burn 
the stems. Tall stemmed trees are a 
mistake as their crops are difficult to 
gather and their management in general 
is troublesome. In preparing the trees 
for planting, cut off all the roots to an 
equal distance from the stem, making 
the cut under, from the centre to the 
outside. JI would advise early planting 
of fruit trees, provided {the soil is in a 
mellow condition. In the case of stub- 
born clayey soils whero it is cloggy, it 
would be best to leave planting until 
spring. In the meantime 
the holes could be dug and 
exposed to the atmosphere, which would 
When the 
ground is ina fit condition fo. planting, 
early in 
greatly improve the soil. 
and the places for the trees are marked. 
out, make holes about two feet square; 
then dig up the bottom and fill the holes 
up to tre required depth the trees need, 
with soil from off the surface only. 
Never plant a tree deeper in the ground 
than what it has been in the nursery 
beds Much harm has 
through too deep plenting. 
can be m4sre injurious, 
keen done 
Nothing 
either in the 
present or future success of an orchard, 
than to bury the roots away from the 
influence of the atmosphore. When the 
tree is placed in the hole prepared, be 
careful to spread out allits roots as 
equally around the hole as possible, so 
that the tree when growing can derive 
the benefit of the soil all around 16. 
‘Then fill in the hole to near the top with 
nice mellow soil taken from the surface 
and shake the tree gently so that the soil 
‘can get well amongst the roots. Tread 
lightly around the- hole; be very careful 
to tread each corner well so that when 
the rain comes the ground will not sink 
November 2, 1908 
and form a basin for the water to lodge 
in and injure the tree. 
The pruning of young trees should not 
be done when first planted, because we 
often get a spell of warm weather which 
forces the first buds to sprout if pruned 
when first planted. The heavy frosts 
wkich are usual at that season of the 
year would cut them back often destoy- 
ing the leading buds. Pruning is best 
left till early spring. 
Mulching.—lt often happens, espec- 
ially in these States, thatan early dry 
Spring comes and proves very injurious 
to newly planted trees. I would there- 
fore recommend a light mulching of 
horse manure or grass, which would be of 
great benefit to the young trees, keeping 
the ground moist and cool during the 
summer ; afterwards, it c n be forked in 
around the trees, and become a further 
benefit to them. 
Spraying For Codlin Moth. 
Arsenate of lead is now acknowledged 
to be the best spray, as it seems to stick 
and last longer on the trees than the 
other sprays. The way to prepare it is 
as follows: boil 1 lb of arsenic and 2 lb 
of washing soda in one gallon of water 
for about 20 minutes; then put 7 lb of 
acetate of lead in a bucket with two 
gallons of warm water to dissolve. In 
using, take one quart of the arsenic 
liquid, and two quarts of the acetate of 
lead liquid, mix together and put into the 
cask of the spray pump with 80 gallons 
of water. 
It was observed last season that an 
unusual large number of the codlin moth 
grubs entered the apple from the eye ; 
and, later in the season, round the stalk. 
This could be remedied in a great 
measure by a thorough spraying just after 
the petals fall from the flower, and 
before the calyx closesup. This spray- 
ing should be done with a strong pressure 
from the pump. If the flower is exam- 
ined it will be seen that’ the stamens 
stand up all round the calyx like a brush, 
and it requires strong pressure frcm the 
. pump to force the spray inte the calyx. 
A light spray does not penetrate the 
calyx at all, but merely damps the out- 
side; therefore put as strong pressure as 
possible into the first spraying to make 
it effective. 
As the period of blooming of the 
different varieties of apples and pears 
extends over a period of at least three 
weeks, it will be necessary, if good . work 
is to be done, to make a note of the 
varieties that are in bloom at the same 
time, so that the spraying can be done 
just at the right time. Many growers 
wait tillall the trees are done blooming 
before they spray, with the result that 
the first spraying does very little good. 
Always spray on time for the first spray- 
ing with the different varieties; much 
better work is then done, as the destruc. 
tion of the grubs at this stage means a 
considerable reduction later on. 
All cases used about the orchard 
should be collected and scalded in boil- 
ing water to destroy any grubs that may 
be harboring in the joints of the cases ; 
or they should be put into the fruit room 
and the room kept continually closed spo 
that the moths when they hatch may not 
get into the orchard. The moth com- 
mences to hatch the first week in 
October, and continues till the first week 
in January, before the first brood are 
allhatched. It is during the first and 
second week in November that the 
greatest number of the moths hatch, so 
that if the first spraying about the middle 
of October has been effectively done, the 
second sprayiug can be done the second 
week in November. 
a 
Science is said to have discovered a 
new use for pears. White spirit is ex- 
tracted cheaply from them, and the resi- 
due is said to make good cattle food. 
In the battle which has been waged 
against the water hyaciath, which chokes 
up many of the rivers in the southern 
part of the United States of America, 
and is also becoming a nuisance in parts 
of Australia, the matter has been com- 
plicated to a serious degree by the fond- 
ness which cattle exhibit for this plant. 
It is almost without food value, but there 
is something about it which attracts the 
animals, and they have been: known to— 
be lured to death. in the efforts to secure 
the hyacinth. 
