SOWING ON SOD is precarious business. Only a few spe- 
cies are adapted to this use and seed losses will then be 
heavy, but later volunteering may thicken the stand. When 
this practice is to be followed the resident cover should be 
mowed and raked, or closely grazed so that the seed can fall 
on exposed soil. The species that will give the best result 
in this kind of sowing are: bur clover, rose clover, subclover, 
birdsfoot trefoil, annual and perennial ryegrasses, burnet 
and filaree. Arable sod can be disked and then seeded and 
managed as described below with better results in plant 
stands. 
SOWING ON A PREPARED SEEDBED: The best prep- 
aration for reseeding is to fallow the land for a year and keep 
it free from weeds. Fallow is as useful for a forage crop as it 
is for small grains. It serves to reduce the competition of resi- 
dent growth and to accumulate some free nitrogen which 
helps to give the seeded plants a good start and to promote 
stooling. If the fallow is soft and loose at seeding time a culti- 
packer should be used to firm it. A firm seedbed is essential 
to success. 
The stubble of grain, vetch and grain, or sudan usually 
leaves a condition favorable for pasture seeding. A light 
disking, cutting the soil only to a depth of one and a half 
to two inches, but turning it thoroughly, will usually suffice. 
Seed can be broadcast directly on the disked soil without cov- 
ering, Better results will usually follow if the seed is firmed 
into the soil with a cultipacker. 
SEEDING IN BRUSH BURNS: Seeding in the ash of heavy 
brush burns has been found to be a promising method of 
revegetating such areas with the best adaptable species. There 
are several sound reasons for this: 
(1) The competition of resident plant cover is not severe 
in such areas and this enables the seeded plants to get the 
full benefit of both sunlight and moisture; (2) Brush ash is 
rather rich in available fertilizer elements, especially nitro- 
gen; (3) The ash of a burn provides a good covering for the 
seed. To get full advantage of this, seeding should be done 
before the ash has been compacted by the fall rains, or by 
prolonged action of wind, dew and frost. 
Areas where brush has been removed by mechanical meth- 
ods also usually furnish moderately good seedbed conditions 
and the same freedom from competition as noted above. 
MANAGEMENT: Experience has showed that the three 
most restrictive factors in range revegetation through seed- 
ing are: (1) First-year competition of resident plants; (2) 
Moisture limitations during the critical dry summer; (3) Pro- 
longed or untimely overgrazing. 
The first of these must be carefully controlled, especially 
in the first year after seeding. Where the topography permits, 
a mower is the best means of reducing resident grasses and 
weeds. Mowing should be done at the most favorable time to 
preserve moisture and prevent seed production. Several mow- 
ings may be essential to the best results. 
Where it is too rough or too steep for mowing, seeded 
areas should be rather closely grazed as soon as the resident 
growth reaches pasturable proportions, and while this growth 
