Havdybets Kuldegrader i Afstand fra Landet. Det er 
kun ved Grønland og i Grøndlandshavet, at Kuldegraderne 
stige op til Overfladen, ellers indtages de af de dybere Partier. 
Et opmerksomt Studium af Temperaturens Fordeling 
paa Haybunden imellem Nulgradslinien og Kysten, eller 
det varme Vands Fordeling paa Kystbankerne viser, at 
Temperaturen i Regelen ikke aftager stadig fra Kysten 
(Overfladen) til Nulgradslinien, men at Forholdet er det, 
at den først er noget lavere under Land, i de ringere Dybder, 
derpaa 1 større Afstand fra Land, længere ude paa Ban- 
ken, er højere og naar, i samme Tversnit, et Maximum, og 
fra dette af synker den stadig mod 0° med stigende Afstand 
fra Kysten. Forholdet finder paa Kartet sit grafiske Ud- 
tryk i Isothermernes Tungeform. Vi iagttage det søndenfor, 
vestenfor og nordenfor Island, mellem Shetland og Norge, 
paa de norske Kystbanker og paa Vestspidsbergens Banker. 
Søndenfor og tildels vestenfor Island ligger en Maximum- 
zone paa 7° og 6°. Isothermen for 59 strækker sin Tunge 
rundt Islands nordvestre Hjørné og videre østover til 20° W. 
Led. Paa Vestsiden af Færø-Island-Ryggen gaar en Tunge 
med 49 op mod Island. Færøerne omsluttes af Isothermen for 
8°, medens Temperaturen i Thorshavn ikke er højere end 
70.9. I Nordost for Shetland ligge Isothermerne for 9°, 
8° og 7° med sine Tungespidser mod Nordost. Isothermen 
for 5° omslutter det indre Parti af den norske Rende fra 
Udsire til inderst i Skagerak. Udenom den ligger Isother- 
men for 6° med en Tunge mod Nord udenfor Norges Vestkyst. 
Videre mod Nord se vi Isothermen for 7° med sin Tungespids 
lidt Nord for den 65. Breddegrad, medens den berører Land 
allerede paa 63.5. Isothermen for 6° sender en Arm ind 
til det Inderste af Vestfjorden, hvor Temperaturen i den 
derværende Fordybning, der naar ned til over 340 Favne 
(Station 255), er over 69, og en anden smal Arm udenfor 
Lofoten og Vesteraalen indtil Andenes (699 N. Br.), medens 
den berører Land ved 66° N. Br. Omkring Lofoten ligger et 
Belte med en Temperatur af under 59%. Isothermen for 
5° rækker paa Banken op til 71° N. Br., men findes ved 
Kysten saa langt nede som ved Andenes (699). I Østhavet 
aftager Temperaturen stadig fra Kysten af mod Nord og 
mod Øst. I Syd for Spidsbergens Sydkap trænger en iskold 
Arm frem fra Storfjorden mod Sydvest, uden dog, 
synes, at naa frem til Ishavsdybets iskolde Vand. (Se 
Side 68). Udenfor Spidsbergens Vestkyst omslutter Iso- 
thermen for 2° et Par Varmemaxima ledsaget af Isother- 
merneffor 1° og 09%, Under Land er Vandet iskoldt, ude 
paa Banken er det varmere. Paa Jan Mayen-Banken sees 
et lidet Parti med Vand over 0°. 
som det 
77 
lies everywhere, as shown by the vertical sections, on the 
outer slope of the bank; degrees below 0° are nowhere 
found to rise over the edge and extend above the bank. 
Hence it is virtually the bank which, by reason of its 
form and extent, keeps the cold of the deep at a distance 
from land. Off Greenland only, and in the Greenland Sea, 
do degrees below O° rise up to the surface; elsewhere they 
occupy exclusively the deeper strata. 
A careful study of the distribution of temperature 
on the sea-bed between the isotherm for 09 and the 
coast, or of the distribution of the warm water on the 
coastal banks, will show that the temperature does notjas a 
rule diminish gradually from the coast (the surface) to the 
isotherm for 0°, but at first is somewhat lower, in the 
lesser depths, close to land, whereupon it rises at some 
distance from the shore, farther out on the bank, reaching, 
in the same transverse section, a maximum, from whence it 
sinks gradually down to 0°, with the distance increasing from 
the coast. This relation is shown diagrammatically on the 
map, with the linguiform isothermal characteristic. We 
observe it to the south, west, and north of Iceland, between 
Shetland and Norway, on the Norwegian coastal banks 
and those of West Spitzbergen. South, and partly west, 
of Iceland lies a maximum-zone, with 7° and 6°. The iso- 
therm for 5° sends off a tongue round the north-western 
extremity of Iceland, continuing eastward, to long. 20° W. 
On the west side of the Feroe-Iceland Ridge, an isothermal 
tongue, with 4°, extends up towards Iceland. The Færoes 
are encompassed by the isotherm for 8°, whereas the tem- 
perature in Thorshavn does not reach higher than 799, 
North-east of Shetland we have the isotherms for 9°, 8°, 
and 7°, with their tongues stretching north-east. The iso- 
therm for 5° encloses the inner part of the Norwegian 
Channel, from Udsire to the eastern limits of the Skage- 
rak. Enecircling this line, extends the isotherm for 6°, with 
a tongue stretching northwards, off the West Coast of 
Norway. Still farther north we have the isotherm for 7°, 
with its tongue reaching a little to the north of the 65th 
parallel of latitude, while it touches land in lat. 63°.5 N. 
The isotherm for 6° sends off an to the innermost 
part of the Vestfjord, where the temperature in the: depres- 
arm 
sion occurring there, which reaches down to more than 
340 fathoms (Stat. 255), is over 6°, and another narrow 
arm, off Lofoten and Vesteraalen, to Andenes (lat. 69° N), 
whereas it touches land in lat. 66° N. Round Lofoten extends 
a belt with a temperature below 5". The isotherm for 5° 
reaches on the bank up to lat. 71° N, but off the coast is 
met with as far south as Andenes (lat. 69° N). In the 
Barents Sea, the temperature gradually diminishes from 
the coast towards the north and the east. South of the 
southern extremity of Spitzbergen (South Cape), an ice- 
cold arm strikes off from the Storfjord towards the south- 
west, without however apparently reaching the ice-cold 
water of the Arctic Deep (See p. 68). Off the west 
coast of Spitzbergen, the isotherm for 2° encompasses a 
couple of temperature-maxima, accompanied by the iso- 
therms for 1° and 0°. In immediate proximity to land 
