Saavel i Overfladen som langs Havbunden viser saa- 
ledes Temperaturen sig lavere under Land end 1 større 
Afstand fra Kysten. Der udgaar aabenbart fra Landet 
en afkjølende Virkning. Jeg benævner dens Aarsag: Land- 
kulden, og skal nedenfor gjøre Rede for dens Oprindelse 
og Virkning. 
Isothermerne for — 1° til 5° ligge 1 det Hele taget 
meget tet paa Kartet, hvad der har sin Grund dels 1, at 
Temperaturen varierer sterkt paa en kort Streekning, dels 
i Bundens sterke Skraaning. I det store Dyb, der ind- 
tages af Kuldegrader under — 1°, er Temperaturens For- 
deling meget mere jevn og lader sig ikke fremstille, uden 
at man tager Tiendedelsgrader 1 Betragtning. 
I Færø-Shetland-Renden gaar "Temperaturen ned 
under — 191 langs Rendens Bund. Mellem Island og 
Norge findes i Norske-Dybet et Temperatur-Maximum 
paa — 1°17 (Station 52) omgivet af koldere Vand. Et 
endnu mere udpræget Maximum findes mellem Jan Mayen 
og Norge, med Temperaturer over — 19.2, omgivet paa 
alle Sider af lavere Temperaturer. Den laveste Bundtem- 
peratur findes i Grønlandshavet. Den gaar ned til — 19,6 
til — 197 og naar saaledes ikke Havvandets Frysepunkt 
under almindeligt Tryk (ce. —20.0). Fra Grønlandshavet 
mod Spidsbergen og Beeren-Eiland er Temperaturen stadig 
stigende til 0°. Fra den sydlige Del af dette Parti (72°.5 
N. Br.) skyder sig (mellem 10° og 159 E. Lgd.) langs 
Bunden en bugtet Arm med koldere Vand, — 1°.4 og — 1.09, 
sydover mellem det ovennævnte Maximum paa 719 N. Br. 
og de norske Banker ned 1 Lofot-Dybet, hvor Isothermen for 
— 19,38 omslutter et større Omraade og naar ned til 65°.5 
N. Br. (Smit No. XIII, Pl. XT). Gjennem Jan Mayen- 
Renden skyde sig fra Grønlandshavet kolde Tunger med 
Temperaturer paa — 195, — 19.4 og.— 193 mod Øst hen- 
imod Norge, men uden, som det synes, ganske at naa det 
sidst oven nævnte kolde Parti i Lofotdybet. 
I det søndre Bassin — Norske-Dybet — er Tempera- 
turen gjennemsnitlig højere end 1 det nordre Bassin — 
Svenske-Dybet. 
Tversnit og Karter vise saaledes en ejendommelig 
Fordeling af Temperaturen i Nordhavet. Medens i Atlan- 
terhavet, ligesom i Nordhavet, Temperaturen saagodtsom 
overalt aftager fra Overfladen mod Dybet, finde vi i det 
første endnu Varmegrader ‘ved Bunden, medens vi i det 
sidste finde det dybere og større Parti indtaget af Vand 
med Kuldegrader.  Grændsen mellem begge Have, der 
saa bestemt angives ved de undersøiske Rygge, der danne 
en uafbrudt Forbindelse mellem Skotland og Grønland over 
Færøerne og Island, skiller ogsaa mellem Atlanterhavets varme 
Vand i Dybet og Nordhavets iskolde. Det iskolde Vand 
rækker i Færø-Shetland-Renden netop op til, paa et enkelt 
Sted kanske lidt over, Wyville Thomson-Ryggens Kam. 
Island-Færø-Ryggen ligger højere. I Danmarkstrædet ræk- 
78 
the water is ice-cold, out on the bank warmer. On the 
Jan-Mayen Bank occurs a limited tract with water above 0°. 
Both at the surface and along the sea-bed, the tem- 
perature is accordingly found to be lower in close prox- 
imity to land than at some distance from the coast. It is 
obyious that a cooling influence issues from the land. The 
cause of this I designate: the land-cold, and in the sequel 
I shall explain its origin and effects. ; 
The isotherms for — 1° to 5° generally lie very close 
together on the map, which arises partly from the temp- 
erature exhibiting considerable variation over a limited area, 
partly from the rapid decline of the bottom. In the great 
deep, that has a temperature under — 1°, the distribution 
of temperature is much more equable, and does not admit 
of being represented without having recourse to tenths of 
a degree. Inthe Færoe-Shetland Channel, the temperature 
Between Iceland 
and Norway, we have in the Norway Deep a temperature- 
maximum of — 1°17 (Station 52), surrounded by colder 
water. 
falls below — 19.1 along the bottom. 
A maximum more prominent still occurs between 
Jan |Mayen and Norway, with a temperature over — 1°.2, 
enclosed on all sides by a lower. The lowest bottom-tempe- 
rature is met with in the Greenland Sea. It reaches down 
to — 196 or — 197, and does not therefore attain the 
freezing-point for sea-water under ordinary pressure (about 
— 2°.0). From the Greenland Sea towards Spitzbergen and 
Beeren Hiland, the temperature rises steadily up to O°. 
From the southern part of this tract (lat. 72°.5 N), 
a sinuous arm, with colder water, — 194 and — 19.3, 
strikes off (between long. 10° and 15° E) along the bottom, 
passing southward between the aforesaid maximum in lat. 
71° N and the Norway Banks down into the Lofoten 
Deep. The isotherm for — 1°.3 encompasses a  con- 
siderable area, reaching as far south as lat. 65°.5 N (Sec- 
tion XIII, Pl. XI). Through the Jan-Mayen Channel, 
cold isothermal tongues, with temperatures — 1°.5, — 194, 
and — 1°.3, extend eastward from the Greenland Sea 
towards Norway, yet without, it would seem, quite reach- 
ing the last-mentioned cold tract in the Lofoten Deep. 
In the southern basin — the Norway Deep — the 
temperature is higher on an average than in the northern 
basin — the Swedish Deep. 
Hence, the vertical sections and the maps show a peculiar 
distribution of temperature in the North Ocean. While 
the temperature, alike in the Atlantic and the North Ocean, 
almost everywhere diminishes from the surface to the deep, 
a temperature above 0° is still found to occur in the former 
at the bottom, whereas in the latter the deeper and more 
extensive tract is filled with water having a temperature below 
0°. The boundary between the two seas, so prominently 
determined by the submarine ridges that constitute an 
uninterrupted line of connexion between Scotland and Green- 
land past the Færoes and Iceland, likewise serves to sep- 
arate the warm water in the depths of the Atlantic from 
the ice-cold of the North Ocean. The ice-cold 
water reaches in the Færoe-Shetland Channel just up to 
water 
