Hertil kommer den ved Beregningen med Factoren f indførte 
Usikkerhed, der beløber sig til + 00.13, og Kartets midlere 
Usikkerhed bliver saaledes + 0928. Om Nojagtigheden 
paa de NStrækninger, hvor Marts-Observationer mangle, 
tør jeg ikke udtale nogen begrundet Dom. Usikkerheden 
tør nok paa sine Steder overstige en Grad. 
Fordelingen af Havoverfladens aarlige Middeltempe- 
ratur er tidligere beskrevet (Side 71 fg.). Sammenligner 
man Karterne for August og for Marts med Aarskartet, 
vise de samme Tungeformer hos Isothermerne sig paa samme 
Steder 1 alle tre Karter, undtagen i August udenfor Nor- 
ges Kyst. Her er Tungernes Axe saaatsige kastet ind 
paa Land, Isothermerne stige skraat opad mod Kysten 
uden at bøje om; kun Tungernes vestre Halvdel ligger over 
Havet. Aarets Temperatur-Fordeling ligner mest Vinterens, 
der bliver den Aarstid, som behersker Havoverfladens Klima. 
Kartet Pl. XXIX viser Størrelsen og Fordelingen 
af Havtemperaturens aarlige Variation fra August til Marts 
i Overfladen. Dette Kart er construeret directe efter Tem- 
peraturkarterne for de nævnte Maaneder. Den aarlige 
Variation er storst 1 Skagerak og den gstlige Del af Nord- 
søen, dernæst ved Norges Vestkyst. Her er baade Som- 
mervarmen og Vinterkulden i Atmosfæren virkende til at 
bringe Variationen op til en større Højde. Herfra aftager 
dens Størrelse raskt og jevnt ud mod det norske Hav, 
hvor den kun frembyder mindre Afvexlinger. Et Maximum 
paa over 6° viser sig paa Streekningen mellem Jan Mayen og 
Beeren-Eiland, der maaske er det Parti, hvor Isgrændsens Be- 
liggenhed varierer mest i Aarest Løb, og hvor, som Tversnit 
XVII, Pl. XIT, viser, der om Sommeren er en sterk Contrast 
mellem Temperaturen i Overfladen og i 40 Favnes Dyb. En 
lidt større Indflydelse fra Dybet vilde let udslette dette 
Maximum af aarlig Variation. Kt andet Maximum findes 
i Nordost for Island. 
de forhaandenværende 
Dette lader sig ikke eliminere efter 
Observationer. Maxima komme 
frem ogsaa udenfor Nordvest-Spidsbergen, vestenfor Island 
og mellem Shetland. Mindre Minima af 
aarlig Variation vise sig udenfor Islands Østkyst og i Vest 
for Shetland. Hvor Isen dækker Havet hele Aaret, 1 
den vestlige Del af Grønlandshavet og mellem Spidsbergen 
og Novaja Semlja, gaar Havtemperaturens aarlige Variation 
ned til 2°, et Tal, der betegner Afstanden mellem Hav- 
vandets Frysepunkt, — 2°, og Isens Smeltepunkt ved O°. 
Færøerne og 
9. Temperaturens Fordeling i de øvre Lag i Havet i 
den varmeste og den koldeste Maaned. 
Temperaturens midlere aarlige Fordeling 1 de øvre 
Lag mellem Overfladen og 100 Favnes Dyb er fremstillet 
i Tversnittene Pl. IX til XV. I Regelen ligger den højeste 
104 
the whole year will be + 00.27. To this comes the uncertainty 
introduced by the computation with the factor f, amounting 
to + 0°.13, and thus the mean error of the map becomes 
+ 09,28. Concerning the accuracy throughout the tracts 
for which March-observations are wanting, I cannot venture 
to express any definite opinion. The error may possibly in 
some places reach upwards of a degree. 
The distribution of the mean annual temperature of 
the sea-surface has been previously described (p. 71).. Now, 
if we compare the maps for August and for March with 
the map for-the year, the tongues of the isotherms as- 
suming a similar shape will be found to occupy the same 
places in all three maps, with the exception of August off 
the coast of Norway. Here, the axis of the tongues is 
cast in, as it were, upon the land; the isotherms rise up 
obliquely towards the coast without any bend, and the left 
half only of the tongues extends over the sea. The annual 
distribution of temperature presents greatest resemblance 
to that of winter — the season of year found to dominate 
the climate of the sea-surface. 
The map, Pl. XXIX, shows the amount and the 
distribution of the annual range of the sea-temperature 
from August to March at the surface. This map has been 
constructed direct from the temperature-maps for the said 
months. The annual range is greatest in the Skagerak 
and the eastern part of the North Sea, next along the West 
Coast of Norway. Here, both the summer-heat and the 
winter-cold in the atmosphere contribute to increase the 
range. From this locality, the range diminishes rapidly and 
eradually towards the Norwegian Sea, where it exhibits but 
minor variations. A maximum, reaching upwards of 6°, occurs 
between Jan Mayen and Beeren Eiland — maybe, the tract of 
ocean where the ice-limit varies most in position throughout the 
year, and where, too, as shown by transverse section XVII, 
Pl. XII, a striking contrast prevails in summer between the 
temperature at the surface and that ata depth of 40 fathoms. 
A somewhat greater influence from the deep would easily 
do away with this maximum of annualrange. Another max- 
imum is found north-east of Iceland. This will not admit 
of being eliminated with the observations at my command. 
Maxima occur likewise off the north-west coast of Spitz- 
bergen, west of Iceland, and between the Færoes and Shet- 
land. Minor minima of annual range occur off the east 
coast of Iceland and west of Shetland. In localities where 
ice covers the ocean the whole year round, viz., in the western 
part of the Greenland Sea and between Spitzbergen and No- 
vaja Semlja, the annual range of sea-temperature reaches only 
2°, a figure indicating the difference between the freezing- 
point of sea-water, —2°, and the melting-point of ice, 0°. 
9. Distribution of Temperature throughont the Upper 
Strata of the Ocean during the Warmest and the 
Coldest Month of the Year. 
The mean annual distribution of temperature through- 
out the upper strata between the surface and a depth 
of 100 fathoms, is represented in tranverse sections 
