og hvis afkjølende Virkning efterhaanden forplanter sig ned 
i Dybet. Saaledes bliver om Vinteren, navnlig ved dens 
Slutning, Kystvandets og Havets Temperatur stigende med 
Dybden indtil 100 Favnes Dyb, sterkest i Fjordene og inde 
ved Kysten selv. Den højere Varme i Dybet reagerer 
stadig mod denne Afkjøling ovenfra og modsætter sig, at 
Vandet fryser paa Overfladen. Vi kunne saaledes, med de 
høje Dybtemperaturer i vore Fjorde og paa vore Banker 
i Minde, forstaa, hvorfor de norske Kyster og Fjorde holde 
sig isfri. Fryse de til, sker det kun i de inderste Fjord- 
arme, hvor Dybden er mindre og Overfladen er lidet salt- 
holdig paa Grund af der udmundende Elve. Naar Solen 
om Vaaren faar mere Magt, opvarmes Kyst- og Fjordvan- 
dets Overflade, og denne Opvarmning forplantes nedad. 
I de øverste Lag aftager Temperaturen med Dybden, 
medens den i de dybere endnu er uberørt af Vaarens 
Virkning og voxer med Dybden. Mellem begge Lag er 
der et Minimum af Temperatur. Dette synker, efterhaanden 
som de øvre Lag opvarmes videre, dybere ned og naar paa 
sine Steder om Sommeren helt ned til 100 Favnes Dyb. 
Temperaturen aftager da stadigt med Dybden. Paa andre 
Steder formaar Sommervarmen fra Overfladen ikke at 
drive det saa dybt; det bliver staaende i en mindre Dybde 
til Høsten. I denne Aarstid begynder Afkjølingen fra Over- 
fladen paanyt og forplanter sig nedover. Der danner sig 
et Maximum af Temperatur under Overfladen, og dette 
synker efterhaanden, til det om Vinteren naar det ufor- 
anderlige Lag i 100 Favnes Dyb. 
107 
they derive in turn an accession of heat from the warmer 
sea. This is the land-cold, that makes its way over the sea, 
and the cooling effect of which becomes gradually pröpa- 
gated to the deep. Thus it arrives, that in winter, more 
especially during the latter part of that season, the tem- 
perature of the coastal water and that of the sea is found 
continually increasing with the depth down to 100 fathoms, 
most rapidly in the fjords and close to the shore itself. 
The higher temperature in the deep reacts without inter- 
mission against this cooling-process from above and prevents 
the water at the surface from freezing. Hence, bearing in 
mind the high temperatures in the depths of our fjords 
and on our banks, we can easily understand how it is the 
Norwegian coasts and fjords should keep free of ice. And 
if they freeze, it is only the innermost arms of the fjords, 
where the depth is less and the surface has a greater pro- 
portion of fresh water by reason of the rivers that have 
their outlet there. When the sun in spring acquires greater 
power, the surface of the coast-water and that of the fjords 
gets heated, and this heating process is propagated down- 
wards. In the uppermost strata, temperature diminishes 
with depth, whereas in the deeper, it is still unaffec- 
ted by the influence of spring, and increases with the 
depth. Between both strata lies a minimum of temperature. 
This sinks by degrees, the more the upper layers become 
heated, and reaches in summer, in some places, as far 
The temperature then diminishes 
In other places, the summer-heat 
down as 100 fathoms. 
steadily with the depth. 
from above is insufficient to carry it to such a depth. 
The minimum persists in minor depths till autumn. At this 
season the cooling-process from the surface begins again, 
and passes downwards. A maximum of temperature forms 
beneath the surface; and this maximum sinks by degrees 
till, in winter, it reaches the unvarying layer at a depth 
of 100 fathoms. 
14% 
