THE DUTCH EXPEDITION TO THE ISLAND OF LOMBOK. 565 
permitted to occupy posts under Government. The Arab immigrants 
were among the most trusted advisers of the Hindoo Rajah. In 1894 
the Rajah, who was then over 80 years of age, was entirely under the 
influence of his illegitimate son, Anak Mapuu, a cruel and tyrannous 
man, who had altogether supplanted the heir-apparent, Anak Keronr. 
In 1894 the fighting strength was estimated at Balinese 10,000, 
Sassaks 100,000. 
For politic reasons the Balinese had taken care that the Sassaks, 
who were perpetually in a state of rebellion, owing to the oppression 
under which they groaned, should be little skilled in the use of arms, 
whereas the predominant race were almost all trained to arms. There 
were no regular troops, with the exception of the Royal body-guard 
numbering some 150 men. The arms were the krees, or Malay dagger, 
short sword, lance, many muskets and rifles, including breech-loading 
and repeating weapons, a number of native cannon of small calibre 
(“lillas”?) and some 40 to 50 cannon of various systems of which, 
however, the carriages, where there were any, appear to have been in 
very bad condition. 
On the march, advanced and rear-guards are provided. 
The attack formation is somewhat that of a Zulu impi. A line, or 
rather phalaux attempting to envelop the enemy’s flanks. This 
phalaux is preceded by “amok runners” (the “ghazi” of the country), 
who dance as they go and appear utterly regardless of death or danger. 
The chief gives his directions from a safe place in rear. 
Against the Dutch, however, the Balinese modified these tactics 
resorting to surprises, night attacks, and the holding of the strong 
defensive positions offered by the narrow streets of their towns and 
the fortress-like nature of the individual houses. 
The roadstead of Ampmnan, at the mouth of the Dyanxos river, is, so 
to speak, the key of the Materam territory. Before the outbreak of 
the war it was visited by ships of all sorts and is, during the E. 
monsoon, a good roadstead. Large vessels can lie at anchor at a 
distance of 750 yards from the shore. A broad,high road, planted 
with fig trees, rans from Ampenan, for more than two miles, to Materam 
the capital. 
Marsram is regularly built in blocks, with streets running at right 
angles to one another. The houses are thatched and are built of 
mud and stone. Hach house, with its out-buildings, forming a 
quadrangle with an inner court, is surrounded with a wall, in which the 
few windows are high up and the doors small. Hach homestead there- 
fore forms no contemptible fortification and each is capable of separate 
defence. In the towns the abutment of one walled enclosure on another 
presents streets completely walled in on either side. The above points 
are of great importance, as accounting for the desperate street fighting 
which took place. In the centre of Materam, at the great cross roads, 
stands the Royal palace, which was not much used by the Rajah, who 
preferred to live at one of his numerous pleasure residences on 
“ Posris,” the principal and favourite of which was at Tsakra Nugara, 
about two miles east of Materam. 
The country around Ampenan, Materam and Tjgkra Negara is 
Fighting 
strength, 
Arms and 
training, 
Methods of 
warfare, 
Strategic 
situation, 
Points of 
importance, 
Nature of 
towis, © 
Nature of 
country, 
