5 
mander has quite enough to do in arranging for the supply and replacement of 
ammunition, 
The horses of officers and Nos. 1 can be replaced by the horses of trumpeters, 
coverers, and in horse batteries, the horses of spare gunners. The most im- 
portant thing is the replacement of the draught horses. For this purpose, in the 
first instance, the spare draught horses will be used, and then the horses of the 
first-line wagons by reducing the teams to four horses. The teams of the second- 
line wagons must, if necessary, be reduced to two horses to complete the teams 
in front, and lastly, all the horses, if necessary, must be taken out of the empty 
wagons. It should be taken as a general rule to keep the gun teams up to six 
horses and the wagon teams up to four horses, using for this purpose the riding 
horses if necessary. As regards horse batteries, care must be taken to equalise 
the available horses among the detachments of all the guns. If, when a horse 
battery limbers up, there are more detachment horses than men, the spare horses 
must be at once put into the wagons that are short of horses. On the other 
hand, if there are more men than horses, men must be mounted on the lmbers. 
The harness and saddlery of killed and disabled horses should be removed and 
as far as possible placed on the wagons, preference being given to hammess. The 
forage is also removed from these horses. Replacement of casualties in horses 
should be constantly practised in all its details. 
The instructor can employ for this purpose, previously prepared tickets as 
described for the ‘ personnel.” 
Casualties in Matériel. 
It will rarely happen with matériel of the present day that guns will be totally 
disabled by fire. 
Breech-blocks will require to be replaced, gun wheels exchanged, &c. The de- 
tachments should be practised in removing dismounted guns and broken gun 
carriages by means of the limbers, but it is doubtful whether the exact drill for 
each number, in cases of this sort, laid down in the drill-book, will always be 
suitable. 
Replacement of Casualties amoug Commanders. 
Casualties to brigade-division and battery commanders, and the consequent 
transmission of command to the next senior should be frequently practised, and at 
the most critical moments, as not only do the officers who succeed to the com- 
mand, get most useful practice, but opportunity is given to the officers who have 
fallen out as disabled to observe at their leisure the working of their commands, 
and to pick out the weak points in their military training. 
Preparations for Advance or Retreat. 
The brigade-division commander, who is watching the tactical course of the 
action, will know in good time whether the movement willbe to the front or rear, 
and takes his measures accordingly. The chief point for battery commanders to 
pay attention to in changes of position is the avoidance of all unsteadiness and 
confusion. As soon as the movement is decided on, the limbers and wagon 
teams are called up to the guns by orderlies sent by battery commanders, who say 
whether the movement will be an advance or retirement. The wagon teams are 
at once hooked-in, and the officers and Nos. 1 mount. The N.-C.O. in charge of 
the limbers and wagon teams reports to the battery commander that all is ready, 
and the latter orders “ cease firing’ and limbers up. 
Before limbering up, the gun detachments are made up to five men per gun if 
possible. 
Change of Position. 
Changes of position for short distances are opposed to the principles of artillery 
