CHARACINIDAE FROM VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 243 
sheath of scales, middle rays longest; upper caudal 
lobe longest; nostrils separated by a flap of skin. 
30a. Anterior edge of maxillary straight or gently convex, 
the point where maxillary and premaxillary join 
nearly straight or only slightly concave; maxillary 
extending obliquely to under front of eye; teeth 
conical, in 2 series on both jaws and these 2 series 
widely separated at least on males; gill membranes 
narrowly united forward with a narrow free fold 
across isthmus; a few scales occurring at bases of 
caudal lobes__. Pyrrhulina Valenciennes (p. 307) 
306. Anterior edge of maxillary sharply convex near its 
union with premaxillary and this convexity reach- 
ing a vertical line through snout tip or nearly so, 
thus at the point of union of maxillary and pre- 
maxillary a deeply concave space occurring; maxil- 
lary very short, nearly vertical in position and not 
reaching front of eye; teeth on premaxillary in a 
single row; two widely spaced rows of teeth on 
dentary of males, closer together in females; gill 
membranes broadly joined with each other and 
forming a wide free fold across isthmus. 
Copeina Fowler (p. 303) 
25b. Teeth in a single row in lower jaw. 
3la. Outer edge of lips with bony protuberances; teeth 
conical in one irregular row on both jaws but no 
canines; body compressed; lateral line complete near 
midaxis of body; adipose fin present; anterior profile 
concave; pectoral base in a bony notch of cleithrum 
protected below by a bony elongation; dorsal origin 
near middle of length and behind the anal origin; 
anal fin base very long___Roeboides Giinther (p. 303) 
31b. Outer edges of lips fleshy without bony protuberances. 
32a. Strong canines present in both jaws; teeth conical; a 
single row in lower jaw; lateral line straight; mouth 
large, terminal. 
33a. Adipose fin present; body much compressed; pro- 
file of head concave; nostrils separated by a 
valvular flap of skin; caudal fin forked; an outer 
row of small conical teeth between the 2 canines 
on each premaxillary, inner row consisting of 2 
enlarged conical teeth on each side; middle pair 
of canines on dentaries fanglike; pectoral shield 
with shallow notch. 
Cyrtocharax Fowler (p. 296) 
336. No adipose fin; body elongate, little compressed; 
no fontanels; nostrils separated by skin of head 
so that an isthmus separates anterior and pos- 
terior nasal openings; head bony and somewhat 
depressed; caudal fin rounded; a single row of 
teeth in upper jaw. 
34a. Maxillary with 1 or 2 short canines anteriorly, 
reaching past rear of eye in adults; walls of air 
