FOSSIL ANTHROPOIDS FROM INDIA 25 
has been shown (Gregory, 1916; Gregory and Hellman, 1926) that the lower 
molars of Siwalik anthropoids also exhibit many minor variations of what 
we have called the “Dryomthecus pattern” of the lower molars, especially 
in M2, which has been preserved more fully in recent anthropoids, less 
clearly in known fossil and recent Hominide. 
In closing, we deem it important to emphasize the following facts: 
(1) that the extinct anthropoid apes ranged over an enormous area in the 
eastern hemisphere—from Spain in the west to India and China in the east, 
and southward from Egypt to South Africa; (2) that the group as a whole 
was exceedingly variable, at least in the details of the jaws and dentition; 
(3) that while the Siwalik genus Ramapithecus and the South African 
Australopithecus were still simians by definition, they were almost at the 
human threshold, at least in respect to their known anatomical charac- 
teristics. 
Nor can we find any convincing evidence that the peculiar features of the 
teeth of Senanthropus and later hominids (such as irregular folds and 
wrinkles of the enamel surface of the molars, taurodontism of the molars, 
the shovel-shaped form of the central upper incisors, the lowness ana 
bluntness of the canines, etc.) are ever anything more than specializations, 
of later date than the opposite characters found in the upper Tertiary 
anthropoids of the Siwaliks. 
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ABEL, OTHENIO. 1903. Zwei neue Menschenaffen aus den Leithakalkbildungen des 
Wiener Beckens. Sitzungsber. d. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1902, vol. 111, 1-37, pl. I, 
meas, 1h, A, 
——— 1914. Die vorzeitlichen Saugetiere. Jena. 309 pp., 250 figs., 2 tables. 
— — — 1928. Neuere Forschungen iiber die Herkunft und Stammesgeschichte der 
Primaten. Verhandl. d. Zool.-Botan. Gesellsch. in Wien, vol. 78, 39-45. 
—— 1981. Die Stellung des Menschen im Rahmen der Wirbeltiere. Jena, Gustav 
Fischer. xii + 398 pp., 276 figs. 
—— 1934. Das Verwandtschaftsverhaltnis zwischen dem Menschen und der 
hoheren fossilen Primaten. Ztschr. f. Morphol. u. Anthropol., vol. 34, Festband 
Eugen Fischer, 1-14, 1 fig. 
ABEL, WOLFGANG. 1931. Kritische Untersuchungen tiber Australopithecus africanus 
Dart. Morphol. Jahrb., vol. 65, no. 4, 539-640, 31 figs. 
Buiack, Davipson. 1927. The lower molar hominid tooth from the Chou Kou Tien 
deposit. Palzontologia Sinica, ser. D, vol. 7, fase. 1, 1-28, 2 pls., 8 figs. 
Broom, R. 1936. The dentition of Australopithecus. Nature, vol. 138, no. 3495, 719, 
2 figs. 
Brown, Barnum, W. K. Grecory and Miro Hetuman. 1924. On three incomplete 
anthropoid jaws from the Siwaliks, India. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 130. 
9 pp., 5 figs. 
Coispert, Epwin H. 1935. Siwalik mammals in the American Museum of Natural 
History. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s., vol. 26. x + 401 pp., 198 figs., 1 map. 
Deprret, CHARLES. 1911. Sur la découverte d’un grand Singe anthropoide du genre 
Dryopithecus dans le Miocéne moyen de La Grive-Saint-Alban (Isére). Compt. 
rend. Acad. des Sci., vol. 153, 32-35, 2 figs. 
Fourtau, R. 1920. Contribution a ]’étude des vertébrés Miocénes de l’Egypte. Survey 
Dept., Ministry of Finance, Egypt. xi-+ 121 pp., 3 pls., 68 figs. 
