FOSSIL ANTHROPOIDS FROM INDIA 15 
The relative ap. lengths (given in percentages) of MI-+M2 to the depth 
of the mandible between M1 and M2 are as follows: 
D. fontani S. sivalensis S. fricke S. indicus 
AOE CLS) BLU tere UN TENE) 69 92.5e 89 87 
Gaudrye eons cle okie a ae 66 
Rar Giese rotator cvsve Sores ats 68 
\WowchweNel -cogcboq0c000d 58 
In other words, these Indian forms have distinctly larger MI+M2 and 
less deep mandibles than their European relatives. 
Sivapithecus indicus Pilgrim 
(Plates 1, figures 9-12; 2, figure 2; 3, figure 1; 6; 7A, F, H) 
Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 40, 63, 1910; zbid., vol. 45, 34, pl. I, figs. 7, 9, pl. 
II, figs. 1-3, 1915. 
Sivapithecus himalayensis Pilgrim, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, ns., vol. 14, 2-5, 
1 pl., figs. 2, 2a, 2b, 1927. 
Sivapithecus orientalis, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, n.s., vol. 14, 5-8, pl. I, figs. 1, 
la, 1927. 
Geologic horizon—Nagri. CY aide 
Specific characters (see table 4)—-Lower molars of large size (M1-+ M3, 
37.6; MI+M2, 26.9; MI+M2+M8, 42.7); breadth indices of M1, 
M2, M8 diminishing sharply posteriorly; MI with higher breadth index 
than in stvalensis, with moderate hypoconulid; M2 with breadth index over- 
lapped by that of sivalensis, hypoconulid larger and more lateral than in 
sivalensis, central fossa expanded anteroposteriorly, fovea posterior larger, 
not crossed by anteroposterior groove; M3 not tapering posteriorly but 
broadly oval, with large hypoconulid; entoconid of moderate size. In the 
upper molars (see tables 1, 5) the breadth index rises but little from M1 
to M2 and falls considerably in M83; the anteroposterior dimension increases 
markedly from M1 to M2 and falls off slightly to M3; M3 with posterior 
cingulum more or less extended backward and heavily cuspidate; transverse 
ridge on metaconule intermediate to large and prominent. 
TABLE 4—Comparison of the lower molars of species of Sivapithecus 
S. sivalensis S. fricke S. indicus 
MI+M2+M3 ....... ap. 35.9 ap. 38.6 ap. 42.7 
MERA SIMioare eh cc teen NU) 36.3 38.8 37.6 
VERSED iy oo Ue SS D2? 24.8 26.9 
TY GV) CORE oe a eae NOG ae, Of Tas) ties LG 11.8 tr. 10.9 
10.8 9.8 12.4 11.8 
MI breadth index.... 90-91 91 92-95 e 
MI hypoconulid ..... Small Moderate Moderate 
MOm(type wate eek ayo, WN ep, WIGS eyo, UBS © tie, 11383 WO, IIL wae, 14b9 
(13828) 14.5 UB¢ 
M2 breadth index ... 98.3 92.4 91-93 
M2 hypoconulid ..... Small Small Better developed, 
more lateral 
Fovea posterior ..... Small, crossed by Same as S. sivalensis Expanded, antero- 
anteroposterior posterior groove 
groove absent 
DTS yetere le erase siete MND, UB ie WHS  Ayos WSs He, UPL/ (18828)ap. 15.8 tr. 13.4 
M3 breadth index.... 90 92 (13828) 84.8 
M3 hypoconulid ..... Well developed Well developed Well developed 
M3 entoconid ........ Moderate Small Moderate 
