14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALAONTOLOGY 
From the measurements above it will be seen that the second upper molar 
of Dryopthecus germanicus has a decidedly lower breadth index than those 
of the Siwalik species referred to Szvayithecus, and that the second upper 
molar referred to Dryoyithecus darwini is intermediate in this respect. 
The principal “upper molar” (Dryopithecus germanicus) of the Tubingen 
collection compares favorably with M2 of our Siwvapithecus sivalensis (No. 
617) because neither shows any wear and the finest details of sculpture are 
still present. Consequently they are both in the first “stage of wear” as 
defined above. The differences are: in D. germanicus (1) the general con- 
tour is much more delicate; (2) the hypocone base is less protuberant pos- 
teriorly; (3) the opposite cusps (buccal and lingual) are less convergent; 
(4) all transverse ridges are sharper; the crista obliqua extends to the 
summit, while in S. sivalensis it goes only to the base of the protocone; 
(5) the secondary enamel wrinkles are more numerous and pronounced, the 
fovea posterior more sharply defined; (6) the ridge connecting the base of 
the protocone and the hypocone is more defined. In other words, D. ger- 
mamicus is nearer to Proconsul and to the ancestral tritubercular tooth of 
all Primates. 
The upper molar which was described by Depéret (1911, p. 33, figs. 1, la) 
from La Grive-Saint-Alban, but which he did not positively refer to Dryo- 
pithecus fontani, was regarded by him as a wisdom tooth (M3). One of us, 
however (M. H.), considers that the details of its crown, including the 
marked lingual projection of the hypocone and the labial projection of the 
paracone, are more favorable to the view that it is an M2, this in spite of 
the absence of a contact facet on its rear end, which is not always decisive 
evidence that a tooth is a last molar. In any case this tooth is much too 
small to belong to Sivapithecus sivalensis. 
The relations of the respective ap. lengths of the first, second, and third 
lower molars to the sums of all three among Siwalik and European members 
of the Dryopithecus group are set forth in table 3. 
Taste 3—Relative lengths (ap.) of M1, M2, M3 
EUROPE INDIA 
° o lk en rae) loo rae) 
ee 88 38 sk a sf 
SE IG UGA SE seh Sch 
Sila Sl ata Sap ©} CSc 53) ||p= 
tH KN | > | he I | > | 
SG S12 SS ao Ss S5 
Dryopithecus fontani 
(Gaudry, Harlé, 
Woodward) ...... 29.0 36.0 35.0 26.7 32.3 OSM tere se Sivapithecus 
swalensis 
29.5 34.6 SOD eviies Dryopithecus 
fricke, type 
29.0 34.0 STO eens Sivapithecus 
indicus 
From these measurements it will be seen that in these Siwalik species 
(especially in Sivapithecus indicus), M3 is relatively somewhat longer than 
in the European species. 
