TasLe 10.— Summer foods of P. shumardi at New Athens 
nd Evansville. “Frequency” is the percent of stomachs exam- 
ned containing the item listed. ‘Average number’ is the 
verage number of items found in stomachs which contained 
hat item. 
Young Adult 
(30) (12) 
Average Average 
Freq. Number Freq. Number 
eee 
liptera 
Chironomidae 60 20.6 67 250 
Simuliidae ) 1.0 8 2.0 
Diptera pupae 13 23 25 1.0 
Ephydridae ws a 8 1.0 
phemeroptera 
Baetidae 10 1.0 17 1.0 
Heptageniidae 7 1-5 17 1.0 
Caenidae 3 LO) 
Miscellaneous 3 1.0 
richoptera 
Hydropsychidae 43 LES, 92 10.3 
“Case builders” 3 1.0 
rustacea 
Copepoda 7 130 
Cladocera 7 4.5 ee 
sh eggs 10 3.0 8 4.0 
ind grains 7 GR) 8 110 
impty) 23 
Sn 
the formula Log W:= Log a + n Log L, where W = 
sight, L = length, and a and n are constants (Lagler 
56). The following equations were found for each 
the four species: P. maculata (Log W = -5.7934 4 
#207 Log L), P. phoxocephala (Log W = -5.2443 4 
1332 Log L), P. caprodes (Log W = -6.2807 + 3.6412 
9g L), and P. shumardi (Log W = -5.6099 + 3.3701 
9g L). P shumardi showed the fastest increase in 
ight with length and was the most robust of the 
ur species. P. caprodes was by far the largest of the 
Jr species of Percina. 
Early growth of all darters was rapid and by the 
d of the first year they had reached 60-70 percent 
their total length. Most of the growth occurred 
m June through mid-September, as was found, for 
ample, for P. maculata in 1965 (hige.5)). 
In their second year of life, the males of all four 
2cles averaged slightly larger than females, but the 
Terence in growth between males and females (Fig. 
)) was not Statistically significant. Raney & Lachner 
943) found that the males of Etheostoma olmstedi 
‘w faster than the females. In the latter as well as 
many other species of darters having faster-growing 
Jes, the males guard a territory. In P. maculata the 
le does not guard a territory and the sexes attain 
ual lengths (Petravicz 1938). 
Rate and pattern of growth of P. shumardi were 
ular to those of P. maculata (Table 11). Growth 
P. caprodes was faster than growth of the other three 
LENGTH OF FISH IN MILLIMETERS 
13 
maculata 
§ 
JUNE JULY " AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN.’ FEB. MAR. APR. MAY 
MONTHS DURING FIRST YEAR OF GROWTH (1965,1966) 
Fig. 5.— Early growth of P. maculata from June 1965 to 
April 1966. Line represents average lengths. The length range 
is shown for each of five collections. 
LENGTH OF FISH IN MILLIMETERS 
8 
7 
“ maculata 
50 Kyf-9 
22 y 
3/ 
| 2 3 4 5 
SUMMERS OF LIFE 
Fig. 6.— Growth of P. maculata throughout its life. Fish 
are from August 3, 1965 rotenone collection at Sullivan. The 
sexes are shown separately and actual numbers used in the 
averages for each year-class are shown. 
