(Hadropterus) 
(Swainia) 
(Alvordius) 
(Ericosma) 
(Cottogaster) 
(Percina) 
, 
Appearance of midbelly 
(Hypohomus) 
row of modified scales 
Etheostoma 
Percina 
7 
Ancestral Bz mobility; 
Ammocrypta 
4 
Derived Ba mobility 
appearance of modified (except E. cinereum) 
scales on breast 
Fig. 5.—Hypothetical phylogeny of Etheostomatini based on 
modified scale characteristics and the mobility of the lactate 
dehydrogenase B: isozyme. 
If Percina s. s. is afforded separate generic status, the 
26 described species of Percina should be in genera 
created by the elevation of each of the subgenera, and if 
this were to occur the other darter genera should receive 
similar analysis. Such splitting of genera seems unnecess- 
ary. The genus Percina as treated in this paper contains a 
monophyletic group of species (separated from other 
genera by a decided gap) and is therefore a valid as- 
semblage. The genus Percina may be diagnosed by the 
presence of modified (enlarged and strongly toothed) 
scales on the breast of the male, the distinctive electro- 
phoretic mobility of the LDH B, isozyme, a complete 
lateral line (often extending onto the caudal fin), and 
two anal spines. 
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