remain as the only hosts on which the insect can com- 
plete its full cycle. Occasional collections have been 
made from other legumes. The aphids multiply ex- 
tremely rapidly during the summer, producing a large 
number of winged forms. These winged forms are car- 
ried by wind currents very readily and have been picked 
up at high elevations by aircraft. This summer distribu- 
tion of winged forms can take place over several hun- 
dred miles. 
Control measures have taken three major pathways. 
The first and probably most important of these has been 
the development of resistant alfalfa varieties. The resis- 
tant varieties are tolerant to the toxin of as well as the 
feeding damage by the aphids. Several very successful 
parasites have been introduced into the United States 
and unquestionably these have been instrumental in 
reducing the spotted alfalfa aphid damage in south- 
western areas. In addition to the introduction of para- 
sites, quite a number of the native predators also aid 
in biological control. The third major approach has been 
with insecticides. Initially, most of the work involved 
materials like parathion, but more recent chemical con- 
trol has centered on the systemic insecticides. 
An important aspect of the spotted alfalfa aphid biol- 
ogy is the rapidity in which it develops new biotypes or 
localized forms. These biotypes have developed in re- 
sponse both to insecticides and to overcoming the resis- 
tance of alfalfa varieties. In some of the areas, for 
example in Arizona, the location of these biotypes has 
been mapped, but in areas further north, which are 
reinfested by flights from the south, there has been con- 
siderable confusion. The aphids, which are blown north- 
ward to establish annual populations, do not always 
originate from the same source; thus the type of insec- 
ticidal resistance varies considerably from year to year. 
Sources for the entries listed in this bibliography were 
Index to the Literature of American Economic Entomol- 
ogy, Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, Science 
Citation Index, Zoological Record, Agricultural Index, 
and references cited in the articles. All entries were 
examined by workers, either at Utah State University 
or the University of Illinois, except those preceded by 
the symbol #. The references are listed alphabetically 
by author(s) and numbered consecutively. A subject 
table containing the reference numbers appears on page 
13. References are arranged according to subject and 
period of publication. The table is intended as a quick 
subject index to the references in the bibliography. More 
in-depth indexing was done for the SIRIC system, and 
is available to researchers. 
References to Therioaphis maculata found in the 
USDA Cooperative Economic Insect Report, 1954-1972 
are included as an appendix following the numbered 
references. Abbreviations and complete titles of the 
sources which appear in the bibliographic entries are to 
be found in a listing at the end of the paper. 
Debra Lissak provided technical assistance, Mary L. 
Rose and Mr. Raymond A. Kotek typed the manuscript, 
and O. F. Glissendorf edited it. Their collaboration is 
gratefully acknowledged. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
1. Anonymous. 1956. Control spotted alfalfa aphids with 
malathion. American Cyanamid Co. Leafl. 14 p. illus. 
maps. 
Pa . 1956. The newest threat to alfalfa; Spotted 
alfalfa aphid. Utah Agr. Ext. Serv. Leafl. 8. [8 p.| illus. 
3, 1959. New Kansas alfalfa resists spotted aphid. 
Crops Soils Mag. 12(2) :21. illus. 
4, ______, 1961. Field crop varieties for Arizona 1960. 
Ariz. Coop. Ext. Serv. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. A-4, 16 p. 
illus. maps. 
5, ______. 1970. Soybean virus disease vectors. Miss. Agr. 
Forest. Exp. Sta. Annu. Rep. 83:33. 
6. ALLEN, W. A., M. L. Boss, J. M. Grayson, J. E. Ros- 
ERTS, Sr., W. H. Ropinson, and J. A. WEIDHAAS. 1972. 
1972 Virginia insect control guide. Va. Polytech. Inst. 
Ext. Div. Contr. Ser. 141. 118 p. illus. maps. 
7. Ancatet, G. W. 1970. Population, parasites, and damage 
of the spotted alfalfa aphid in New Jersey, Delaware, 
and the eastern shore of Maryland. J. Econ. Entomol. 
63(1) :313-315. illus. refs. 
8. Baker, W. A. 1955. The yellow clover aphid on alfalfa. 
Agr. Chem. 10(9) :60, 62, 122-123. 
9. Batt, H. J. 1958. The effect of visible spectrum irradi- 
ation on growth and development in several species of 
insects. J. Econ Entomol. 51(5): 573-578. illus. refs. 
10. Barnes, O. L. 1960. Establishment of imported para- 
sites of the spotted alfalfa aphid in Arizona. J. Econ. 
Entomol. 53(6) : 1094-1096. illus. refs. 
= 1963. Resistance of Moapa alfalfa to the 
spotted alfalfa aphid in commercial-size fields in south- 
central Arizona. J. Econ. Entomol. 56(1) :84-85. illus. 
refs. 
12. Bartiert, B. R. 1958. Laboratory studies on selective 
aphicides favoring natural enemies of the spotted alfalfa 
aphid. J. Econ. Entomol. 51 (3) :374-378. illus. refs. 
#13. Beraturr, Z. P. 1969. Combaterea microbiologica a 
insectelor daunatoare din agricultura. Probl. Agr. 21 
(10) :65-76. 
14. Brepervorr, G. A., and D. E. Bryan. 1956. Research on 
the spotted alfalfa aphid. Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. B- 
469. 12 p. illus. refs. 
15. and__.. 1956, The spotted alfalfa aphic 
and possible control. Seed World 79(2) : 15-16. 
16. BisHop, J. L., and C. C. Burxuarpr. 1959. Effects o! 
malathion and parathion on ejection of young from 
gravid female spotted alfalfa aphids. J. Kans. Entomol 
Soc. 32(1) :35-36. illus. refs. 
Wine , and ______. 1959. Seed treatmiem: with sys 
temic insecticides for control of spotted alfalfa aphid: 
under Kansas conditions. J. Econ. Entomol. 52(4): 
714-719. illus. refs. 
18. _______, and D. Crocxerr. 1961. The spotted alfalf 
aphid in Virginia. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 153 
22 p. illus. refs. 
19. Burkuarpt, C. C. 1957. Chemical control of thi 
spotted alfalfa aphid. Proc. N. Cent. Br. Entomol. Soc 
Amer. 12:72-73. 
90, ______. 1959. Effects of heavy fall infestations © 
1. 
