352 SEHRPULA. 
from June to September, the latter from April to August. The former is probably identical 
with the British species. 
The tubes (Plate CXXI, fig. 6d, and Plate CX XXIII, fig. 1a) are very common in deep 
water on stones, shells, zoophytes, Polyzoa and laminarian roots, and are characterised by 
their smooth white coils marked only by circular lines of growth, which give them a barred 
appearance. Longitudinal ridges are rare, and when present are slightly developed. Some- 
times, as Montagu observed, the small end of the tube is turned contrary to the rest of the 
shell, and the aperture almost invariably turns in the reversed direction. On certain grounds 
the growth of this species is remarkable. Thus the right valve of Cyprina islandica, which 
appears to have been fixed in the erect position on the bottom, bristles internally with 
multitudes of the tubes, which project from the surface like coarse calcareous hairs, whilst 
externally more than half the shell is covered, but the ends of the tubes do not stand 
erect as on the imner surface. Philippi (1844), unaware of previous notices, termed this 
form EHupomatus pectinatus. He found one example with two perfectly similar opercula. 
Morch (1861) places under his variety a, S. vermicularis, S. angulata, Vermilia intricata, 
Serpula Miilleri, and S. spirographis; whilst under variety 6 are S. reversa, S. contorta, etc. 
He considers the Morchia turbinata of Philippi as a fossil variety. 
The Hupomatus trypanon of Claparéde (1870) seems to be only a variety of this form. 
The Swiss author prefers to retain the title of Hupomatus, Philippi, for he is of opinion that 
Hydroides, Gunnerus (1768), was not considered by its author as distinct from Serpula— 
with which it was synonymous. 
Lo Bianco (1893) describes three species of Hydroides from Naples, viz., H. uncinata, 
Phil., H. pectinata, Phil., and H. lunulifera, Clap., but in all probability a single form is 
represented, viz., his H. pectinata (= H. norvegica). 
Hargitt' (1910) describes the spawning of a colony of Hydroides dianthus at Woods Hole 
in July, in which eggs and sperms were discharged simultaneously over a period of about 
forty minutes, each annelid sending out a jet of sperms or ova, the former being diffused 
through the water, the latter soon settling on the bottom. 
Orton’ (1914) observes that this species grows to nearly full size in about four months, 
and a specimen of this age shed ripe eggs. 
One observer called this form Serpula solitarva, Mihi, Scarborough, on Corallines. 
A drift bottle containing a Fishery Board notice had single examples or small groups 
of this species here and there on its surface, and the majority were gently coiled, some 
forming sinuous lines—perhaps with a curve at the tapered end. A few, however, were 
closely coiled. They were accompanied by Pomatocerus triqueter, Membranipora, Tubulipora, 
by the reptant form of Hucratea chelata, young Capuli, a few Balani, and patches of 
Alycyonium digitatum and Tubularia. 
Genus CLXXIX.—SerRputa, Linneus, 1767. 
Collar with a gap dorsally, and extending as a deep frilled lamella laterally to form a 
continuous border ventrally. Bristles bayonet-shaped, with spurs at the base of the 
! «Amer. Nat.,’ xliv, pp. 376-8. 
, 2? Scowmem, WLIBo.” WOll, 3, Js BIO, 
