FILOGRANA IMPLEXA, — 345 
De St. Joseph (1894) describes four phases of Salmacina Dysteri as follows :— 
1. The hermaphrodite animal without buds, and 6 mm. long, with the first abdominal 
segments bearing the male and female elements, the segments following being filiform, and 
the last enlarged. . 
2. A short animal of twenty abdominal segments, without the filiform portion of the 
abdomen, and which prepares for budding, or perhaps “ayant deja bourgeonné s'est 
reconstitué les segments détachés.” 
3. An animal of the same size as the preceding, having a bud at the eighth or ninth 
abdominal segment. 
4, Animal shorter than the foregoing, in which the bud is detached, and the nine or ten 
segments of the abdomen remain; no eyes. In all four cases the thoracic region is the 
same—aindifferently of seven to nine segments. It is the abdominal region which varies. 
In Filograna vmplexa the extremities of two branchiz are transformed into opercula. 
Fritz Miller describes a small Serpulid with six branchie like Protula, which acquires 
an operculum on one of the branchie, yet retaining its barbules, which afterwards 
disappear, and the whole resembles the peduncle of a Serpulid operculum. De St. 
Joseph had not seen this. S. Dysterr shows no tendency to form an operculum. Other 
views are held in the present work, and there is nothing of moment in the foregoing to 
indicate a different species. 
The sexual and aseuxal phases in the Salmacine are thus described by Malaquin’ :— 
1. Protandrous young condition: The male genital organs are in the thorax, and then 
it becomes sterile. 
2. The phase of asexual reproduction or schizogamy: During this period certain indi- 
viduals present few and incompletely developed male elements. 
3. The hermaphrodite phase: The male and female elements are in distinct segments, 
the male in two to four of the anterior abdominal segments, the female in eight to ten of the 
following segments.” 
Ova and larvee were found in the tubes of Salmacina cedificatrix from October to June 
by Lo Bianco (1909) at Naples, as well as many individuals in gemmation. This form 
occurs in deep water (100 metres). S. inerustans, on the other hand, he found on stones 
with littoral algz, and eggs and larvee besides abdominal buds occurred from July till October. 
He distinguished the species (1893) by the larger size of S. wdificatrix, the presence of eight 
to ten setigerous segments in the thorax, and by the absence of the teeth on the web at the 
base of the tip of the collar bristles. He probably implies that the web has finer serrations. 
He found masses of the tubes of S. wdificatrix 20 cm. in diameter. 
Fauvel (1909) thought Salmacina incrustans synonymous with Serpula itricata, Grube, 
and Serpula filograna, Scacchi, and that the structure of the first series of bristles agreed 
with Claparéde’s form—having coarse crenulations at the base of the wing, but such changes 
in the size of the serrations in the bristles and the variations in the branchize do not have 
specific weight in a form so variable. This author’s figure shows only four serrations on 
1 «Assoc. Frangaise,’ 1909. 
2 The hermaphrodite forms in Serpulids amongst others are those given by Claparede (1868)— 
Laonome, Saliacina, Pileolaria. Lo Bianco enters Amphiglena, Salmacina, Spirorbis and Pileolaria, 
whilst fissiparous reproduction occurs in Salmacina and Telepsavus (Malaquin). 
