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SERPULIDAL. 
integris intercepta’), the clause in brackets referring to the shell of Vermetus, a mollusk, 
for the tube of a Serpulid differs—in having no septa. The Serpulidee, as understood by 
him, included forms which the labours of Pallas, Poli, Cuvier, Lamarck and De Blainville 
showed were widely divergent, e.g., Vermetus. They were placed under his “ Vermes 
Testacea”’; the animal, he thought, was allied to Teredo. 
The Serpulidee of Savigny (1820) included a heterogenous series, viz., Terebellids, 
Hermellids, Serpulids, Amphictenids, Sabellids, Maldanids and Arenicolids, and hence his 
description is of little service in a modern classification. On the other hand, his account of 
the characters of the Serpulids proper is fairly good, and he made three groups according to 
the form of the branchiz, viz., Serpulee simplices, 8. cymospire, and 8. spiramellee. 
Dr. Fleming! (1825), in his account of the British Testaceous Annelids, included the 
Mollusk Dentaliwm as one of the genera of the group, and he refers throughout to both living 
and extinct forms. His genera of Serpulids were Vermilia, Serpula and Spirorbis. He 
included under Vermilia the living forms V. intricata, L., V. vermicularis, Kllis, V. triquetra, 
Sowerb., J”. serrulata, Flem,, V. armata, O.F.M., and V. conica, Mont. ; under Serpula—s. 
tubularva, Mont., and S. cordinert (?) Flem., the latter probably a foreign species. Under 
Spirorbis he placed S. granulatus, L., S. carinatus, Mont., S. communis, L., S. spirillum, L., 
S. corrugatus, Mont., S. Montagm, Flem., S. incurvatus, Walker, S. pervius, Walk., and 
S. retorta, Walk. It is difficult in some cases to ascertain the precise species referred to, 
since the shell varies considerably, though in others the diagnosis is reliable. 
Risso” (1826) characterised the Serpulids as having a solid calcareous tube with a single 
aperture, separate branchiz protected by an operculum. His account of the genus Serpula 
included a fairly accurate general description of the annelid. 
Delle Chiaje® (1828) figures a Sabella eupleana with two opercula, which from the descrip- 
tion would appear to be a Serpulid, though the tube is dark coloured and mottled as if from 
secretion and foreign fragments. 
The Serpulidee were arranged by Cuvier under his Tubicole, a group of his articulated 
animals. 
Under the Serpulide Grube (1851), following Savigny, comprised the Sabellide and 
Hriographidide, and he grouped the Serpulids proper according to the condition of the 
branchie (e.g., spirally rolled) or the structure of the operculum. 
Kolliker* (1864) describes and figures the palpocils (Tasthaare) on the branchiz of a 
Serpula. 
De Quatrefages (1865) amalgamated with some reason the Sabellidze and Eriographidide 
with the Serpulids, making one great family—the Serpulide. So far as can be observed, 
however, no advantage is gained by this arrangement, and the various important 
differences between the respective groups are minimised. Carus, in his ‘ Fauna Mediterranea ’ 
(1885), followed the same arrangement. 
Dr. Johnston’s (1865) Serpulide included the Sabellidee and Hriographidide as well as 
the Serpulids proper. 
1 «din. Philos. Journ., vol. xii, 1825, p. 238. 
? «Hist. L’Kurope Merid.,’ t. 4, p. 401. 
3 ‘Memorie,’ vol. ili, p. 227, Tav. xlviui, fig. 21. 
* ‘Kurzer Bericht,’ p. 17, pl. vi, fig. vin. 
