NYCTICORAX CALEDONICUS, 
Nankeen Night Heron. 
Ardea Caledonica, Lath. Ind. Orn., vol, ii. p. 679.—Gmel. Edit, Linn. Syst. Nat., vol. i. p. 626, 
Caledonian Night Heron, Lath, Gen. Syn., vol. v. p. 65.—Cook's Voy., vol, i. p- 111. pl. 50.—Lath. Gen. Hist, 
vol. ix. p. 59. 
Nycticorax Caledonicus, Less. 'Traité d’Orn., p, 571. 
Ardea Sparmannii, Wagl. Syst, Av., sp. 32. 
New Holland Night Heron, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol, ix. p. 62. young. 
Gnal-gah-ning, Aborigines of the lowland distriets of Western Australia 
Quaker and Neankeen-bird of the Colonists. 
Al-or-woon, Aborigines of Port Essington, 
Tus beautiful species is universally dispersed over the continent of Australia, but is far less abundant on 
the western than on the eastern coast. In the southern latitudes it is only a summer visitant, arriving in New 
South Wales and South Australia in August and September, and retiring again in February, As its name 
implies, it is nocturnal in its habits, and from its frequenting swamps, inlets of the sea, the sedgy banks of 
rivers, and other secluded situations, it is seldom seen. On the approach of morning it retires to the forests 
and perches among the branches of large trees, where, shrouded from the heat of the sun, it sleeps the 
whole day, and when once discovered is easily procured, as it seldom moves unless shot at or driven from 
its perch by some other means, and when forced to quit its perch it merely flies a short distance and again 
alights. Its flight is slow and flapping, and during its passage through the air the head is drawn back 
between the shoulders and the legs are stretched out backwards after the manuer of the true Herons. When 
perched on the trees or resting on the ground, it exhibits none of the grace and elegance of those birds, its 
short neck resting ou the shoulders, as shown in the smaller figure on the accompanying Plate. When 
impelled by hunger to search for a supply of food it naturally becomes more animated, and its actions 
more lively and prying ; the yaried nature of its food in fact demands some degree of activity—fishes, water- 
lizards, crabs, frogs, leeches and insects, being all partaken of with equal avidity. 
It breeds in the months of November and December, and generally in companies like the true Herons ; 
the favourite localities being the neighbourhood of swampy districts, where an abuudant supply of food is 
to be procured; the branches of large trees, points of shelving rocks and cayerns, are equally chosen as a 
site for the nest, which is rather large and flat, and generally composed of crooked sticks loosely inter- 
woven. The eggs, which are usually three in number, are of a pale green colour, and average two inches 
and five-eighths in length by one inch and a half in breadth. 
So little difference exists in the colouring of the sexes, that it is extremely difficult to distinguish the 
male from the female, and never with certainty unless dissection be resorted to; both have the three beau- 
tiful elongated occipital plumes, the use of which except for ornament is not easily imagmed, The young, 
on the contrary, differ so greatly from the adult, that they might readily be regarded as a distinct species. 
The following is a faithful description of a mature bird and a young one of the first year :— 
The adult has the crown of the head and the nape black ; occipital plumes white; back of the neck, all 
the upper surface, wings and tail rich vinnamon-brown ; stripe over the eye, sides of the face, neck and all 
the under surface pure white, the white and cinnamon gradually blending on the sides of the neck ; bare 
space surrounding the eye greenish yellow; irides orange ; bill in some specimens black, slightly tapped 
with yellow, in others black with a streak of greenish yellow along the lower mandible, and a wash of the 
same hue along the lower edge of the upper one; legs and feet jonquil-yellow ; claws black, 
The young bird has the whole of the upper surface striated with buff and blackish brown,—narrow and 
lanceolate on the head and neck, broad and conspicuous on the back and wings ; primaries and tail-feathers 
dark chestnut-red, deepening into black near the extremity and tipped with buffy white; all the under sur- 
face bufly white, with a stripe of brown down the ceutre of each feather ; irides yellow. 
The figures represent the old and young nearly the size of life, 
