Phyllocladus. | TAXACEAE. 121 
Trans. N.Z. Inst. x (1878) 382 ; Forest Fl. (1889) t. 100; Palger in Pflanzenr. 
iv, 5 (1903) 98 ; Cheesem. Man. N.Z. FI. (1906) 659. PP. trichomanoides var. 
alpinus Parl. in D.C. Prodr. xvi, 2 (1868) 498. 
NortH And Soutu Isntanps: In subalpine and mountain forests from Cape 
Colville and Te Aroha to Foveaux Strait, abundant. Usually from 1500 to 5000 ft., 
but descends to sea-level in Westland and in the south of Otago. Mountain Toatoa. 
Very closely allied to the Tasmanian P. rhomboidalis L. C. Rich. (P. aspleniifolius 
Hook. f.), principally differing in the position of the female flowers. It is a very 
important constituent of the subalpine forests of the South Island, particularly at high 
altitudes. 
Family VIII. TYPHACEAE. 
Marsh or water plants, with creeping rhizomes, solid cylindrical stems, 
and long linear leaves sheathing at the base. Flowers minute, monoecious, 
densely crowded in cylindric spikes or spadices, male spadices always 
uppermost. Perianth either wanting or of minute scales or hairs. Male 
flowers: Stamens 1-7; filaments slender, distinct or connate; anthers 
basifixed, erect, linear or oblong. Female flowers: Ovary superior, sessile 
or stalked, l- or rarely 2-celled; styles as many as the cells, linear, 
persistent ; stigma unilateral, papillose; ovules solitary. Fruit dry or 
spongy, indehiscent. Seed solitary, pendulous; albumen copious, fleshy 
or farinaceous; embryo terete, axile. 
Consists of the single genus 7'ypha, which is distributed over most parts of the 
world in marshy districts. 
\ - : - 
~~ 1. TYPHA Linn, Sypsk. TE. teasn 
Tall reed-like marsh or aquatic herbs. Leaves all radical, long, linear, 
erect, spongy. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in a _ terminal 
cylindrical spike furnished with a few deciduous spathaceous bracts ; spikes 
either continuous or separated into two distinct parts by a broad or narrow 
interval, the upper portion male, the lower female. Male flowers of 1-7 
stamens intermixed with capillary membranous scales; filaments short 
or long, distinct or connate; anthers linear-oblong, basifixed, 4-celled, 
longitudinally dehiscent ; connective produced at the tip. Female flowers 
with or without a linear-spathulate bracteole at the base. Ovary long- 
stalked, the stalk furnished with numerous silky hairs, 1-celled, narrowed 
into a slender style; stigma unilateral, linguiform or spathulate ; ovule 
solitary, pendulous. Fruit very minute, fusiform or narrow-ovoid ; pericarp 
membranous or coriaceous, at length laterally dehiscent. Seed the same 
shape as the pericarp; albumen farinaceous ; embryo axile. 
Species 10 to 12, spread over most temperate and tropical regions. 
1, T. angustifolia Linn. Sp. Plant. (1753) 971.—Very variable in stature, 
3-8 ft. high or more. Leaves as long as the flowering-stems or sometimes 
exceeding them, rather narrow, 4-3in. broad, rarely more, expanded at 
the base into a broad sheath often more than a foot in length, plano-convex 
or convex on both sides. Spike variable in length; male portion usually 
from 2 to 6in. long, in some varieties contiguous to the female part, in 
others separated from it by an interval sometimes as much as 1 in. long, 
axis of the spike furnished with reddish-brown hairs mixed with the flowers ; 
female portion 3-8in. long, 4—?#in. broad. Female flowers furnished at 
the base with a linear spathulate bracteole, the hairs on the pedicel of the 
