122 TY PHACEAE. [T'ypha. 
ovary shorter than the stigma.—A. Rich. Fl. Nowv. Zel. (1832) 99; A. Cumn. 
Precur. (1836) n. 319; Raoul Choix (1846) 41; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 1 (1853) 
938: Handb. N.Z. Fl. (1864) 276; Cheesem. Man. N.Z. Fl. (1906) 743. 
T. latifolia Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) n. 336 (not of Linn.) ; Hook. f. Handb. 
N.Z. Fl. (1864) 772. 
Kermaprc Isnanps, NortH anp SoutH Istanps: Abundant in marshy places 
throughout. Sea-level to 2000 ft. Bulrush ; Rawpo. December—March. 
Almost cosmopolitan. The Australian and New Zealand forms are placed by 
Graebner (Das Pflanzenreich, Heft 2) under var. Brownit (T. Brown Kunth) and var. 
Muelleri (1. Muelleri Rohrb.). The first of these includes the larger and coarser states, 
with much of the habit of 7. latifolia, and, like it, with the male and female spikes 
contiguous. It differs, however, from 7’. latifolia in the female flowers being bracteolate 
at the base. Var. Muelleri is smaller, and usually has the male and female spikes 
separated by a distinct interval. 
The pollen was formerly collected by the Maoris, made into cakes with water, and 
then baked and eaten; the starchy rhizome was also used for food in times of scarcity. 
The leaves were employed for constructing the walls of their houses, or whares, and are 
still used for the same purpose. 
Family IX. PANDANACEAE. 
Trees or shrubs or climbers, frequently with aerial roots. Leaves 
usually long and narrow, acuminate, sheathing at the base, coriaceous, 
keeled, margins and keel spinulose-serrate. Flowers dioecious, both sexes 
densely crowded on simple or branched spadices protected by leafy spathes. 
Perianth wanting. Male flowers: Stamens numerous ; filaments all distinct 
or connate in clusters; anthers erect, basifixed, 2-celled. Rudimentary 
ovary present or absent. Female flowers: Staminodia small or wanting. 
Ovary 1-celled, free or connate with those of adjoining flowers; stigma 
nearly sessile, papillose ; ovules either solitary and basal, or numerous and 
attached to parietal placentas. Fruit an oblong or globose mass of densely 
compacted free or connate tough or fleshy drupes. Seeds solitary or many 
in each drupe ; testa striated ; albumen hard and fleshy ; embryo minute. 
A small order of 3 genera and about 220 species; most abundant in the islands 
of eastern tropical Africa and the Malay Archipelago, extending southwards to Australia, 
the Pacific islands, and New Zealand; not known in a native state in America. The 
leaves of most of the species are used for mat-making, thatching, &c., and would 
probably be useful for the manufacture of paper. The New Zealand genus extends 
as far north as Malacca. 
SeeK eu Bull 
1. FREYCINETIA Gaud. (BI2u 2.7. 1926-42. 
Climbing or scrambling shrubs. Stems often very long, branched, 
rooting. Leaves long, linear, sheathing at the base, keeled, entire or more 
usually serrulate. Spadices terminal, fascicled, sessile or pedunculate, 
enclosed within foliaceous bracts with fleshy and often coloured bases. 
Male flowers numerous, each one consisting of several stamens surrounding 
a rudimentary ovary; filaments short; anthers oblong. Female flowers of 
many 1-celled ovaries densely packed on the rhachis of the spadix, cohering 
at their bases, each ovary surrounded by minute staminodia, apex broad, 
truncate, c enulate ; placentas 2 or more; ovules numerous, in 2 series 
on each placenta. Fruit an oblong mass of more or less fleshy or almost 
woody berries. Seeds numerous, fusiform or ellipsoid; testa crustaceous 
or membranous ; albumen copious; embryo basilar. 
A genus of over 50 species, scattered through Malaya, the Pacific islands, and 
Australia, with one species in New Zealand. 
