GRAMINEAE. 133 
Asperella) have a very restricted range, but are not indigenous in Australia. The 
remaining 26 are widely distributed in either temperate or tropical regions or in both, 
and some are cosmopolitan. In addition to the indigenous species, a large number 
of grasses have become naturalized, and every year adds to the list. Most of these 
are natives of the Northern Hemisphere, and many have been purposely introduced 
and widely spread through the country on account of their value for pasturage or 
fodder. The remainder are either weeds of cultivation or inhabitants of waste-places 
or roadsides, a large proportion having followed the footsteps of civilized man all 
round the world. A few Australian and subtropical species have also established 
themselves, but the number of these is not nearly so large as might have been antici- 
pated. Many of the naturalized species have so completely amalgamated with the 
indigenous flora as to present all the appearance of true natives, and will certainly be 
taken as such by a beginner unacquainted with their history. It will therefore be 
advisable, when determining anv species, to make frequent reference to the list of 
naturalized species given in another part of this work, and to become acquainted with 
their distinguishing characters, which, in the majority of cases, can be learned from 
any British Flora. 
In preparing the first edition of this work I was greatly indebted to Professor E. 
Hackel, of Graz, Austria, so well known for his wide acquaintance with the family, for 
undertaking a critical examination of the whole of the New Zealand species then 
known, and for furnishing me with very full and complete notes, with permission to 
use the same. In the arrangement then given I largely followed his recommendations, 
and I find little reason to depart from them when once more revising the family. 
Division A. PANICACAR. 
Spikeiets articulated on their pedicels below the glumes and falling 
away at maturity; usually 2-flowered, the upper flower perfect and 
producing seed, the lower flower always male; rhachilla not continued 
beyond the upper flower. 
Trise 1. ANDROPOGONEABR. 
Spikelets usually 1-Howered, generally in pairs, rarely in threes or solitary, on the 
rhachis of a spike or branches of a panicle, all hermaphrodite or some of them male, 
in the latter case so placed that a male spikelet stands by the side of a hermaphrodite 
one. Flowering glumes hyaline, often awned, usually much smaller than the empty 
ones. 
Panicle long, dense, cylindrical. Spikelets awnless, almost con- 
cealed by long silky hairs = “+: ay .. 1, Imprrata., 
TRIBE IT. ZOYSTEAE. 
Spikelets usually 1-flowered, solitary or in clusters on the rhachis of a spike or 
raceme. Flowering glumes membranous, never awned, usually smaller than the outer 
glumes. 
Small creeping usually maritime grass. Leaves short, rigid. Spike 
short, stiff. Spikelets appressed to the rhachis me .. 2, AOYSIA. 
Triste III, PANICEAF. 
Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower with or without a male one below 
it. Flowering glumes awnless, cartilaginous or coriaceous, in fruit hardened and 
enclosing the grain. Outer glumes thinner in texture than the flowering glumes, rarely 
awned. 
Spikelets 1-fowered, plano-convex, sessile in 2 or 4 rows in one- 
sided spikes which are either in pairs or form the branches of a 
simple panicle. Empty glumes 2.. ‘ - -. 3 PASPALUM. 
Spikelets with 2 hermaphrodite flowers, panicled; outer glumes 
2, persistent after the rest of the spikelet has fallen away .. 4. ISacHNE. 
