Rubus. | ROSACEAE. 499 
Family L. ROSACEAE. 
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves simple or compound, alternate or rarely 
opposite, stipulate. Flowers usually regular and hermaphrodite, some- 
times unisexual. Calyx with the tube free or adnate to the ovary, limb 
45-lobed, lobes imbricate or valvate. Petals 4-5, rarely wanting, tree, 
inserted on the calyx at the base of the lobes, imbricate. Stamens many, 
rarely few, inserted on the calyx just within the petals; filaments subulate, 
often incurved in bud; anthers small, didymous. Ovary of 1 or more free 
or coherent 1-celled carpels, sometimes adnate to the calyx-tube; styles 
free or connate; ovules 1 or 2 to each carpel, anatropous. Fruit very 
various, superior, or more or less inferior and combined with the calyx- 
tube, of one or many achenes, drupes, or follicles, or a pome, more rarely 
a berry or capsule. Seeds erect or pendulous, albumen generally wanting ; 
embryo with large plano-convex cotyledons and a stout radicle. 
A large family, found all over the world, but most abundant in the temperate and 
colder parts of the Northern Hemisphere ; comparatively rare in the tropics and in the 
South Temperate Zone. Genera about 100; species from 1700 to 2000. It includes 
most of the important cultivated fruits of northern origin, as peaches, plums, apricots, ks 
cherries, apples, pears, strawberries, raspberries, &c. ; as well as the rose, with its num ber- , 
less garden varieties. Of the 4 New Zealand genera, Acaena is mainly South American, oe 
but extends northwards to California and south-eastwards to Australia and New 
Zealand; the 3 others are widely spread in temperate regions. Many northern species 
have established themselves in New Zealand, as will be seen on referring to the list of 
introduced plants given in the appendix. > 
Scrambling or climbing shrubs with prickly stems. Truit of 
many crowded succulent carpels a 5 .. 1. RuBus. 
Herbs with pinnately lobed or divided leaves. Styles elongating 
after flowering. [ruit-carpeis numerous, dry oy .. 2. GEUM. 
Herbs with pinnate leaves. Styles not etongating after flower- 
ing. Hruit-carpels numerous, dry rae - .. 93 POTENTILLA. 
Herbs with pinnate leaves. IHruiting-calyx usually with stiff 
bristles, often barbed at the top. Carpels 1, rarely 2 .. 4, ACAENA. 
ee He ALT 6S Cars)ar8. 
1. RUBUS Linn. ! | 
es Peek Se Ge 
Scrambling or climbing shrubs, rarely herbs, almost always prickly. 
Leaves alternate, simple or compound, usually palmately or pinnately 
divided into 3-5 lobes or segments or separate leaflets; stipules adnate 
to the petiole. Flowers in terminal or axillary panicles, rarely solitary. 
Calyx-tube broad, open; lobes 5, persistent. Petais5. Stamens numerous. 
isc coating the calyx-tube. Carpels many, seated on a convex receptacle ; 
style subterminal ; ovules 2, pendulous. Fruit composed of many succulent 
1-seeded drupes, crowded upon an oblong or conical dry receptacle. Seed 
pendulous. 
A large genus, common in the temperate portions of the Northern Hemisphere, 
rarer in the tropics and South Temperate Zone. ‘The fruits of all the species are edible, 
and some of them, such as the raspberry and blackberry, both of which have become 
naturalized in New Zealand, are excellent. All the New Zealand species are endemic ; 
and, like those from other countries, are exceedingly variable, running into varieties 
that are difficult to define. 
* Leaves 3—5-foliolate. 
A lofty climber. Leaflets glabrous, cordate or truncate at the 
base. Panicles large. Flowers white oh Si 
Climbing or scrambling, often forming a dengs bush. Leaflets 
glabrous, rounded or cuneate at the base. Panicles smail. 
lowers yellowish a re Pe. os .. 2. R, cissordes. 
l. R. australis. 
