78 University Geological Survey of Kansas. 
phate of lime, which latter may be thrown down by alcohol. By the evaporation 
of a solution containing bicarbonate of magnesia and sulphate of lime, either 
with or without sea salt, gypsum and hydrous carbonate of magnesia are succes- 
sively deposited. 
‘¢3. When the hydrous carbonate of magnesia is heated alone, under pressure, 
it is converted into magnesite; but if carbonate of lime be present, a double salt 
is formed, which is dolomite. 
‘¢4, Solutions of bicarbonate of magnesia decompose chloride of calcium, and, 
when deprived of their excess of carbonic acid by evaporation, even solutions of 
gypsum, with separation of carbonate of lime. 
‘*5. Dolomites, magnesite:, and magnesian marls have had their origin in 
sediments of magnesian carbonate formed by the evaporation of solutions of 
bicarbonate of magnesia. These solutions have been produced either by the 
action of bicarbonate of lime upon solutions of sulphate of magnesia, in which 
case gypsum is a subsidiary product, or by the decomposition of solutions of sul- 
phate or chloride of magnesium by the waters of rivers or springs containing 
bicarbonate of soda. The subsequent action of heat upon such magnesian sedi- 
ments, either alone or mingled with carbonate of lime, has changed them into 
magnesite or dolomite.”’ 
DEPOSITION THROUGH ACTION OF PYRITES UPON CARBONATE OF LIME. 
Pyrites or iron sulphide decomposing in clays may change the 
carbonate of lime into sulphate of lime, and so form gypsum, 
usually in rather small amounts and scattered through the clay. 
Kansas in Permian Time. 
At the opening of Permian time all the eastern portion of 
Kansas was part of the interior land mass, while the middle 
and western areas were under the waters of the western sea. 
During the Permian the middle area gradually emerged, com- 
mencing first at the north and extending southward. During 
the Neosho division, the northern area was joined to the east- 
ward land, and the sea was driven back south and west. 
In the Marion epoch, the central portion emerged from be- 
neath the sea, for the Dakota sandstone of the Cretaceous rests 
unconformably upon it, showing that it must have been dry 
land, and then depressed again in Cretaceous time. The south- 
ern area was under the sea at the close of the Permian, when 
the Red Beds were laid down. At the end of this period it was 
raised into land, for the Cretaceous and Tertiary rest uncon- 
formably upon the Red Beds. These movements crowded the 
sea back to the west, and added to the land area of this state. 
