XIV SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA. 
The bed C is better exposed, and forms the base of the cliff at Woman Hythe (see 
Sections W and III). It consists of a dense black sandy clay, thickly packed with 
freshwater Mollusca, chiefly Paludina contecta, and is overlain by the Lower Glacial 
pebbly sands (6). These three beds A, B, and C, occur on the north Norfolk coast, 
while beds D and E are on the Suffolk coast, at the base of Kessingland Cliff (see 
Sections I’ and V). The base of this cliff is usually covered with talus, which obscures 
the section, but for a few years past the part shown in Section V has been very clear. 
Bed D consists of a mottled clay, unstratified, its upper surface being full of small 
concretions and penetrated with roots. It extends from near the Lighthouse ravine 
almost to the southern extremity of Kessingland Cliff, and it has yielded Mr. W. M. 
Crowfoot, of Beccles, some mammalian remains. 
Resting in a hollow of D, occurs bed E, which is a laminated clay, underlaid by 
prostrate trees, amongst which is a small colony of freshwater Mollusca. Most of the 
Mammalian remains obtained from Kessingland and Pakefield have, we believe, been 
found on the shore, doubtless washed out of beds D or E. 
The relation of all these beds A, B, C, D, and E, to the Crag has been, and is likely 
to remain, a matter of uncertainty. As concerns A, B, and ©, since there is, in our 
opinion, no marine bed exposed along the coast section between Eccles and Weybourn 
which is so old! as the Chillesford clay, by which to test their relative age, they may be 
coeval with the Upper Crag, or they may be posterior, or even anterior to it. ‘The 
Chillesford clay may once have spread over that part of Norfolk, and been denuded prior 
to the formation of beds A, B, and C; in which case they are posterior. On the other 
hand, they may have accumulated on what was a land surface at the time when 
the Fluvio-marine Crag spread over Hast Norfolk and Suffolk, and the Red Crag 
over East Suffolk, as well as later, when these parts underwent the depression that 
gave rise to the Chillesford beds. Seeing how the Fluvio-marine and Red Crag deposits 
are confined to the more southern part of the area, and how much more thin the Chillesford 
clay is in the parts nearest to the Cromer coast, than it is further south, about Surlingham, 
Beccles, Easton Cliff, and Halesworth, and over the Coralline Crag of Aldboro’, Sudbourn, 
&c., this latter alternative is far from improbable. Whichever way, however, we look at 
the question, the mammalian remains of beds A and B do, we think, more nearly represent 
the terrestrial fauna of the Upper Crag period than any others known to us; since, if 
‘Crag Mollusca,’ in 1844. The indefatigable researches of Mr. Gunn in the Forest bed, and the costly 
collection made from it, and presented by him to the Norwich Museum, are so well known and highly 
appreciated, as to need no remark from us. 
1 We say this after repeated and most careful examination. What may be concealed below the beach 
between Weybourn and Mundesley at those places where the chalk does not rise to the beach line, or 
between Mundesley and Eccles where these occasional appearances of the chalk cease to occur, is another 
thing altogether. 
