of a Type to Linnean Genera. 97 
doubt that Linneus, had he known our modern practice, 
would have designated as the type of his genus that species 
to which the name he adopted as generic had formerly been 
specifically applied. This has long appeared to me such an 
obvious truth, that I cannot but wonder at those who in- 
vented an arbitrary rule for the selection of a Linnean 
type*. It is true that there are some names which had 
been used by the prze- Linnzan authors in a generic sense ; and 
we know that in such cases they were very apt to distinguish the 
different species by a numeral or other epithet ; but it is curi- 
ous to find how few names of this kind were adopted by Lin- 
neeus, not perhaps more than a dozen in all. Such are 
Vultur, Gracula, Larus, Emberiza, 
Falco, Mergus, Tetrao, Motacilla, 
Psittacus, Colymbus, Columba, Parus. 
Of course in most, or all, of these instances it would be hope- 
less to attempt to fix the type accurately, though we may 
do so approximately, as with Tetrao and Parus, and that 
within very narrow limits. 
However, the old names, previously used in a specific sense, 
but taken and applied by Linnzus to his genera, form, as I 
have said, the majority of his 78. The authors from whom 
he adopted them, as proved by his reference to their works, 
are Gesner, Belon, Aldrovandus, Clusius, Johnston, Brown, 
Barrere, Klemm, Mcehring, Brisson, and perhaps one or two 
others. It is, of course, an undoubted fact that with Lin- 
* T refer particularly to the rule, followed to some extent by the late 
Mr, G. R. Gray, which enjoined the selection of the first species named 
in a genus as its type. It is needless to observe that though Mr. Gray 
professed to regard this rule, in practice he was constantly doing other- 
wise. I cannot help remarking that it seems to have been thought by 
Linneus, and by others of his school, that all nature might be deployed 
in a single linear series; and thus he arranged his species so that one genus 
should follow naturally upon another. By this means the most normal 
forms were of course placed in the middle, and the most aberrant at the 
beginning and the end; so-that the effect of the rule which Mr. Gray ad- 
mired would be that one of the most aberrant species of a genus would 
often have to be considered its type. 
SER. III.— VOL. VI. H 




