24 Rosenberg, K. V., Dokter, A.M., Blancher, P.J., Sauer, 
J.R., Smith, A.C., Smith, P.A.,... and Marra, P. P. 2019. 
Decline of the North American avifauna. Science, 
366(6461): 120-124; DeGraaf, R.M., Yamasaki, M., 
Leak, W.B., and Lester, A.M. 2006. Technical guide to 
forest wildlife habitat management in New England. 
Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England. 
2° Webster, C.R., Jenkins, M.A., and Jose, S. (2006). 
Woody invaders and the challenges they pose to forest 
ecosystems in the eastern United States. Journal of 
Forestry, 104(7): 366-374. 
26 DeGraaf, et al. Technical guide to forest wildlife 
habitat management in New England. 
27 Krebs, J., Pontius, J., and Schaberg, P.G. 2017. Modeling 
the impacts of hemlock woolly adelgid infestation and 
presalvage harvesting on carbon stocks in northern 
hemlock forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 
47(6): 727-734. 
28 McGarvey, et al. Carbon storage in old-growth forests 
of the Mid-Atlantic; DeGraaf, et al. Technical guide to 
forest wildlife habitat management in New England. 
Backyard 37 
2° Jo, H.K., and McPherson, G.E. 1995. Carbon storage 
and flux in urban residential greenspace. Journal of 
Environmental Management, 45(2): 109-133. 
30 Holl, K.D. 2002. Effect of shrubs on tree seedling 
establishment in an abandoned tropical pasture. 
Journal of Ecology, 90: 179-187; Meiners, S.J., and 
Martinkovic, M.J. 2002. Survival of and herbivore 
damage to a cohort of Quercus rubra planted across 
a forest—old-field edge. The American Midland 
Naturalist, 147(2): 247-255. 
31 Banasiak, S.E., and Meiners, S.J. 2009. Long term 
dynamics of Rosa multiflora in a successional system. 
Biological Invasions, 11(2): 215-224; Niering, W.A., 
Dreyer, G.D., Egler, F.E., and Anderson Jr, J. P. 1986. 
Stability of Viburnum lentago shrub community 
after 30 Years. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 
113(1)}: 23-27. 
Edward K. Faison is senior ecologist at Highstead in 
Redding, Connecticut. His work focuses on deer and 
moose interactions with forests, long-term forest change, 
and natural climate solutions. 
