PHYSIOGRAPHY OF WESTERN KANSAS. 
BY ERASMUS HAWORTH. 
Drainage. 
Drainage in Tertiary Time. White Woman Creek. 
Character of the Materials Eroded. Walnut Creek. 
Methods of Hrosion. Smeky Hill River. 
Individual Streams. Saline River. 
Cimarron River. Solomon River. 
Bear Creek. Republican River. 
Arkansas River. In General. 
Pawnee Creek. The Uplands. 
In Volume I of these Reports a short description was given of the 
more important physiographic features of the eastern part of the 
state. <A like description for the remainder of the state is now con- 
templated. 
DRAINAGE. 
The surface drainage over eastern Kansas throughout earlier 
geologic times was westward, as the great body of dry land lay to 
the east. At the close of Cretaceous time the continent was 
elevated sufficiently to destroy the great inland arm of the sea 
reaching northward from the then Gulf of Mexico and connecting 
probably with the Arctic ocean on the north. The whole of the 
area lying between the dry land on the east and the mountainous 
ridge en the west thus became a dry land area, and its surface was 
subject to the erosive agents of the atmosphere. 
It was at this time that the direction of the drainage was re- 
versed. The great mountainous area was lifted sufficiently to 
produce a water shed to the east. The drainage from this crossed 
the great plains and entered the Mississippi river or the Gulf. In 
fact, it was about this time that the Mississippi, in the true sense 
of the term, became a river. The greatest of these drainage chan- 
nels at present carrying waters from the Rocky mountains is the 
Missouri, into which numerous tributaries enter, so that more than 
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