PRrossEeR.|  Cretaceous.—Comanche Series of Kansas. 149 
daries of the Kansas formations are being traced from the Kansas 
border to Texas. 
CLARK COUNTY AREA. 
In following northwesterly from Avilla to the western part of 
Comanche county there are but few outcrops of the Co- 
manche series. In general the Tertiary appears to rest directly 
upon the Red-Beds. On the upland about three miles north- 
west of Avilla old cellars and wells show yellowish to grayish shale 
on top of the bright red rocks. For some distance in this region the 
country is comparatively level only an occasional outcrop showing 
around the heads of the small branches of Cavalry creek. Near 
the head of one of these branches, about five miles south of Cold- 
water and two miles west, and 70 feet by the barometer above the 
hamlet of Avilla is a thin ledge, at least 3 or 4 feet thick of the 
Kiowa shales. The rock consists of shaly limestone of the upper 
Ikiowa containing plenty of specimens of Cyprimeria and Ostrea. 
In a draw two miles southwest of Coldwater the Kiowa shales 
were not observed, though it seems 'to be very near the line of 
division between the Red-Beds and Tertiary. The Tertiary grit is 
weil exposed in the cliff above the draw and there is plenty of 
loose sandy marl in the side of the bluff. This outcrop is undoubt- 
edly above the Ned-Beds, though a streak of reddish soil shows very 
clearly near the foot of the bluff. Apparently at the base is a 
deposit of Tertiary sand in which pebbles occur; so that it seems 
to be clearly enough above the horizon of the Red-Beds. In the 
sand are layers of white chalky marl similar to the characteristic 
marls of the Tertiary. On the road directly west from Coldwater 
toward Sand creek no exposures of the Comanche were found though 
places near the line of contact between the Tertiary and Red-Beds | 
were examined. In the northeastern part of Protection township 
seven or eight miles west of Coldwater the biuffs to the east of 
Sand creek! are composed of red rocks belonging to the Red Bluff 
1 This creek is termed Sand creek on the Coldwater sheet of the U. S. Geo- 
logical Survey. On the county map of Comanche county Sand creek is given as 
ene of the head branches of this creek in the northwestern part of Coldwater 
township. I am in doubt whether this name is intended to apply to the main por- 
tion of the creek since that is generally Known by the residents of that part of 
Comanche county as Kiowa creek; and the branches in Irwin township as East, 
Middle and West Kiowa creeks respectively. A Bluff creek tributary just west of 
here is popularly known as Sand creek. A name applied to dozens of little streams 
in western Kansas. 
