266 University of Kansas Geological Survey. 
No. Feet. 
Qi 10) Eb Clay eerie ahaa La HER SU SL SILLA SUE RLM SL SU ROE pL AAU 141 
10 23 SAN CANE! SAVE eR aiue eva abseil ae Rae elias etal DAWA AL eiTay Ap ara aan gue 151 
DUS AE RCV i ns Age UON eR eee OE TAUDS OLN AEN Un POISON eR aL i AED RL A 153 
Deer ANT EEN Cd ez Th ANY RU a Os RUS lea hana UES Nu Dh EA Li la oy 160% 
138.— 5 ft. coarse gravel, in which the digging was stopped, as a large 
amount of water was obtained, the object for which the well was 
CLUS MENTAL ees SUMS Ca gS ST ERE ag RE Eo 162% 
It will be noticed here that in general the coarser material is at 
the bottom and the finer material at the top of the well. 
The state well at Liberal is of considerable interest on account 
of so great a lack of coarse material. It is located about two miles 
northwest of Liberal on the high uplands south of the Cimarron 
river. The character of the material immediately below the surface 
soil may be described as a coarse sand with large quantities of 
gravel, some of which are from two to three inches in diameter. 
In making the excavations for erecting the windmill tower several 
wagon loads of this material were thrown to the surface, from which 
bushels of coarse gravei could have been screened. Intimately 
mixed through the gravel was clay and sand of all degrees of coarse- 
ness, so that probably no more than a fourth or a fifth of the vol- 
ume of the whole material was gravel. Below this the material is 
relatively fine, until a depth of about 100 feet is reached when more 
coarse gravel was found, Below this much more fine material was 
passed, and near the bottom of the well a clay mixed with fine sand 
constituted a heavy laver. The calcareous cement was present in 
this well in an unusual amount and was about as uniform in loca- 
tion as has been seen from other wells. 
These well sections may be taken as a type of all the state wells 
and of several hundred private wells examined with more or less. 
detail during the past two summers. By carefully studying them it 
will be seen that there is altogether a lack of any definite regu- 
larity in kind of material passed through, no matter whether we 
regard the sand, or gravel, or clay or the calcareous cementing ma- 
terial. The mortar beds of Hay which have been so generally de- 
scribed as lying near the base of the Tertiary are composed essen- 
tially of sand and gravel cemented with calcium carbonate. There 
is no limit to the degree of coarseness or fineness of the sand, and 
