Haworth. | Physical Properties of the Tertiary. 283 
the whole plain in the district here described was covered by sands 
and gravels brought from the cafions and valleys of the Rocky moun- 
tains.” 
He skillfully avoided committing himself regarding the Kansas 
Tertiary, probably because he was not yet sufficiently familiar with 
the conditions in Kansas to think himself justified in advancing 
views contrary to the popular idea. He says: 
“Tt is thought by geologists who have studied the formations of 
Kansas that lakes were formed there during a portion or the whole 
of this period, so that the sedimentation was from still water in- 
stead of from the currents of sluggish streams.” 
The relative positions of the gravel, sand, and clay of the Tertiary 
over the whole of Kansas, as already given at considerable length, 
corresponds much better to river deposits than to lake deposits. 
The irregularity of formation succession, the limited lateral extent 
of the beds of gravel, clay and sand, the frequent steepness of the 
cross-bedding plains, all correspond to river deposits but are not 
characteristic of lake deposits. It is difficult to understand how 
such irregularity of material could have resulted if the Sioux Lake 
of King, or any other lake, had extended southward across the 
whole of the western part of Kansas and been a factor in the 
accumulation of the Tertiary materials. It is quite possible that 
during Tertiary time in which there were so many changes in the 
velocity of the water carrying the sediments, lesser local lakes and 
lagoons and swamps and marshes may have existed in different 
places and for varying lengths of time. But when we consider the 
Kansas Tertiary as a whole and yet in detail, it must be admitted © 
that the materials themselves have many indications of river de- 
posits and a very few of lake deposits. As best one can judge from 
the literature on the subject it is probable the heavy beds of loess- 
like material reaching nearly 1000 feet in thickness in Dakota, are 
of lake formation. The southern limit of such a lake has not been 
located and may have reached for a short time into Kansas territory. 
It is probable that no definite line will be found between this lake 
and the undoubted river deposits in the Arkansas river territory. 
