47] Zentralasiatisches Gebiet 701 
great degree adapted to its particular conditions of life; the structure of flying 
fruits is the most interesting biological feature of this flora and the question 
of the cause and way of origin of this feature should lead to the capital 
problems of Evolution and Phytogeography. 
Lastly, the author gives an outline of the history and develop- 
ment of the flora of Middle Asia since Upper Cretaceous time. 
From that time untill now the present Tianshan and Pamiro-Alai was and is 
land bordering upon the old Angara continent, presenting peneplain 
with more or less arid climate. At the far east end of Tianshan then were 
deserts containing some of the old desert types of plants originally from Africa 
(from Gondwanaland), f. i., Zygophylium, Nitraria. 'The remaining parts of this 
land were covered with an ancient mediterranean flora ressembling that of the 
present time. 
After the Tethis had retired from Central and West Asia the Aralo- 
caspian plains took on (in Pliocene) greatly desert-like features and 
were overcovered with a desert flora coming 1) from SW. (from NE.Afrika) 
and 2) from E (from the old deserts of Tianshan), and having a strongly 
expressed african type. This was chiefly the vegetation of stony gypsiferous 
soils (hamada) and it became extinct at the end of Tertiary by the development 
of sandy deserts which inherited some of the pliocene types of hamada. On 
the same time the mediterranean flora of Tianshan and 
Pamiro-Alai became more and more xerophilous, poorer and poorer on the 
subtropical, mesophilous forms. The influence of the Ice Age leads to 
the same results and by it the northern recent (boreal) types were allowed to 
penetrate largely into the then arisen mounts of Middle Asia. The old meso- 
philous types such as Ostrowskia, Trigonotis are preversed now only in a few 
places on the mountains of Middle Asia. 
The restoration of an arid elimate aiter the Ice Age was the 
cause of the again flourishing of xerophilous desert flora, but it was and is a 
new flora which had its origin from the old african and the old 
mediterranean types of Tertiary. This is so called Iranic flora, 
which now reigns over the whole of western Asia from Syria to Mongolia. 
F. Fedde. 
293. Popova, G. and Popov, M. The wild apple tree in the 
valleyofTcehimgan (Westerm Tianshan). (Bull. Univ. Asie Centr. 
Taschkent XI, 1925, p. 99—103, mit 1 Taf. Russisch mit engl. Zusfassg.). — 
Bericht im Bot. Ctrbl., N. F. VII, p. 473. 
294. Popov, M.G. Astragali species novae e Turkestania. (No- 
tul. system. ex Herb. Horti Petropol. IV, 1923, p. 152—159.) N.A., 
295. Popov, M. et Baranov, N. Descriptionesplantarum nova- 
rum in resione alpina montium Talas-Ala-tau collecta- 
rum. (Notul. system. ex Herb. Horti Petropol. IV, 1923, p. 175—176.) N.A. 
296. Popov, M.G. Labiatae novae vel criticae Turkestaniae. 
(Notul. system. ex Herb. Horti Petropol. V, 1924, p. 153—156.) N.A. 
297. Popov, M.G. Florae turkestanicae species novae. (No- 
tulae system. ex Herb. Horti Petropol. V, 1924, p. 37—39.) N.A. 
Arten von Zollikoferia, Sisymbrium und Polygonum. 
298. Popov, M.G. Pflanzenökologische Typender Wüsten- 
vegetationindensüdlicheren Teilenvon Turkestan. (Bull. 
