76 University Geological Survey of Kansas. 
zinc ore, principally lead ore. A large fissure exists in the 
northern side of the west end of the eighty acres of land be- 
longing to the South Side Mining Company. Here unusu- 
ally large deposits of galena were found on the north side of 
the fissure with other ore bodies on the south side, not so 
definitely placed. Another fissure similar to this has a north- 
east and southwest trend across town lots near the west end 
of the same piece of land. This is in one of the richest por- 
tions of the entire district and long ago miners learned to 
expect good bodies of ore on one side or the other of the shale- 
filled fissure. 
The presence of the fissures above mentioned can be de- 
termined by the large amount of shale material in the waste, 
or dump piles, at the surface. These fissures are small, in 
that they occupy but a very small fraction of the entire sur- 
face, neither are they always present in the richest areas. 
The one just mentioned on the north side of Short creek has 
yielded large quantities of ore, but no more than similar 
areas have yielded in important places where no such fissures 
_ existed, such as the rich deposits in the valley south of Short 
creek where ore was first discovered, the rich beds of ore in 
North Empire, on the Mastin land southwest of Galena, 
on the Battlefield land, and other places that might be 
named. But where the fissures occur the ore bodies are 
piled up against one side or both in such a way that the 
miners generally believe there was some relation between 
them. 
Inimestone.——The country rock throughout the entire lead and 
zinc Mining area is essentially a limestone belonging to the 
Upper and Lower Burlington, as pointed out in chapter IV. 
This limestone appears to be well bedded, and doubtless at 
one time was as regularly stratified as limestones usually are. 
The thickness of the individual layers is very variable. On 
the east side of Spring river at the bridge in section 3, north- 
east of Empire City, great amounts of limestone are found 
near the water’s edge with layers more than six feet thick. 
Elsewhere the individual layers are thin, and at the surface 
the seams between the layers are filled with clay. Limestone 
usually is found in all the high hills. This is so generally 
