10 University Geological Survey of Kansas. 
Zine in EKurope. 
‘‘We have already noted that zinc ore was used before the 
Christian era in the manufacture of brass and bronzes, and 
it was found in coins. Its use in this way continued for 
many centuries without the metal being discovered. Copper 
ores containing zinc were the first used, the brass being made 
directly. Later, after the discovery of zinc ore, the copper 
was produced first and the zinc ore was added to convert it 
into brass. 
““The ore was generally the carbonate, known commercially 
in Kurope, together with silicate, as calamine. It was called 
cadmia.° 
‘‘Calamine was obtained before the Christian era from the 
island of Cyprus. In Belgium ancient documents relate that 
calamine was raised near Moresnet at the beginning of the 
seventh century, but they are of doubtful authenticity. There 
are reasons for believing that the development for calamine 
of the Vieille Montagne deposits began about the twelfth 
century with the manufacture of brass. In 14385 the grant 
of concessions is recorded.° 
‘‘In Great Britain the earliest traces of brass are in the 
medieval monuments. Here, as elsewhere in Europe, a 
prominent use was in memorial tablets, known as sepulchral 
brasses. It was highly valuable for many purposes, and 
under Henry VIII, an act was passed prohibiting the export 
of brass, which was not withdrawn for nearly 300 years. 
Under Queen Elizabeth a patent was granted for using cala- 
mine in the manufacture of brass. In 1721, 30,000 persons 
were employed in brass founding in England. Profitable 
brass works were conducted in the Harz during the sixteenth 
century, but not until the end of the sixteenth century was 
the idea advanced by Kunkel that brass was an alloy. 
‘White vitriol, or sulphate of zinc, was first manufactured 
in 1570. It was used for dressing leather and for medicinal 
purposes. 
5. The word cadmia, according to Beckmann (11-vol. ii, p. 33), signified any mineral abound- 
ing in zinc, as wellas any ore including the natural calamine. The furnace — calamine — was also 
given this name. 
6. Sincay, M. St. Paul de: The Manufacture of Zine in Belgium, Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 
XX VI, pp. 95-98. 
