8 University Geological Survey of Kansas. 
‘‘Germany.—Of lead mining by the early German tribes, 
the Saxons, the Goths and others, we have found no men- 
tion. Iron ores were mined and reduced by them, and it is 
probable that the comparatively simple processes of lead 
smelting were known also. About the earliest recorded min- 
ing in Germany was in the Harz mountains, near the middle 
of the tenth century. Work was prosecuted here only in a 
desultory manner, however, until the fifteenth century. Min- 
ing at Freiberg, in Saxony, was begun during the twelfth cen- 
tury. In Silesia the industry was flourishing in the thirteenth 
century, and at that time Germany was one of the principal 
centers. Mining appears to have declined after this; but in 
the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the works were re- 
opened, and have been exploited vigorously ever since. 
‘* Belgium.— Mining in Belgium is of remote antiquity. 
Ancient documents indicate that operations were conducted at 
Vieille Montagne over one thousand years ago, for securing 
calamine, and doubtless the associated lead ores also. Work 
is also reported to have been done here by the Spaniards 450 
years ago. Records do not date back beyond 1640, however. 
‘‘Bleiberg, the principal lead deposit, was mainly operated 
during the last fifty years. The lead ores of Belgium are 
now practically exhausted. 
‘‘Austria.—In southern Austria the Carinthian deposits 
were probably worked during the Roman period, and they 
were certainly actively developed during the Middle Ages. 
Near Przibram, in Hungary, mining was begun about the 
middle of the ninth century, and at Mies before the year 
1100. At Schemnitz developments date from the twelfth cen- 
tury. During these early years, however, operations were 
not extensive, and were prosecuted in a desultory manner. 
Early in the sixteenth century the Przibram mines were re- 
opened and have been worked extensively since. — 
‘““The Schneeberg mine in the Tyrol was-worked on a large 
scale for lead in the latter part of the fifteenth century. 
‘* Russia.— Among the earliest traces of mining in Russia 
are those found in Siberia, where sledges made of stone and 
of the teeth of animals are assigned to the second century 
