Haworru. | Historical. a 
again after that, however, and Spain was principally de- 
pended upon as a source of supply. The Moors operated 
mines in the Pyrenees. A revival prevailed during the 
eleventh and twelfth centuries, to decline again in the thir- 
teenth. Lodes of the Vosges were discovered in 1313. Opera- 
tions were resuscitatediin the sixteenth century and continued 
through the seventeenth and eighteenth, though on a more 
limited scale. 
‘‘At Pontgibaud records date back only to the sixteenth cen- 
tury, but remains of early,;workings indicate a very early date 
of mining here. [Ever since the eleventh century operations 
have been conducted at intervals. At Huelgoat work was 
done before 1578. At Poullaouen operations commenced in 
1729, and over 1000 men{were employed in 1760. The mines 
of the Vosges were worked in 1581 and in the last half of the 
eighteenth century. During the latter period mining was in 
progress in a number of_,other districts, and also in the Alps. 
‘‘The metal was used in France for the ordinary purposes 
already enumerated, and, during the Middle Ages, it was 
employed in coins, in vessels and utensils, and for small 
sacred images. 
‘« Spain. —The remarkable lead deposits of Spain were well- 
known to the ancients, having been worked by the Pheenicians, 
Carthaginians and Romans. Spain then ranked among the 
foremost mining countries. Under the Moors mining also 
flourished, but declined after their expulsion and the discovery 
of America in (1492. Active work on the Linares deposits 
began, however, during,the last half of the sixteenth century, 
and has continued ever since. From the beginning of the 
sixteenth century to 1825, comparatively but small quantities of 
ore were produced. In that year, however, the mining lands 
were practically,thrown open to exploitation of all, by royal 
decree. The production of lead ore then grew immediately 
to great volume. The mines of the Sierra Gador and Sierra 
Lujar were particularly productive, these yielding in 1827 
nearly 47,000 tons of lead. In 1839 the deposits of Sierra 
Almagrera were discovered. Deposits in Portugal were also 
worked from very early dates. 
