Hawortu. | Ore Deposits. 111 
openings because they are filled with muddy water and de- 
posits of soft clay or black mud. When containing lead ore 
the mud is more likely to be black than when containing 
zinc ore. This is so commonly understood that when a 
miner first finds traces of black mud in the rock he is sure 
to expect large bodies of lead ore. These cavities are fre- 
quently lined with ore to a varying extent. Sometimes the 
lining is a mere film of almost no value, and again it may be 
from six to twelve inches in thickness, and have an extent as 
great as the walls of the cavity. These rich bodies were 
found frequently in early days at Galena. They were abun- 
dant in the Short Creek valley between Galena and Empire 
City, and again southeast on the South Side mining property ; 
still again southeast of Galena on the Maggie Taylor land, 
and southwest on the Battlefield land, as well as many other 
places. In the southern part of the Battlefield land such 
openings were very frequent and large masses of lead ore 
were found. One piece sent to the World’s Fair at Chicago 
in 18938 measured about three feet in maximum length and 
about one foot in thickness of solid ore. It was a part of the 
lining of a mud-filled cavity and represented the largest 
piece or chunk which was broken off. The cavity side of 
such linings generally have galena or blende well crystallized. 
This large piece had faces of cubes of galena unusually large, 
the largest measuring over six inches across. The same 
ground produced many more remarkable museum specimens. 
Throughout the entire Galena-Joplin district mining is con- 
fined very largely to flint areas. This is true to a greater 
extent in Kansas than in Missouri. Limestone is hard to 
work and when the miner reaches it in sinking a shaft the 
shaft usually is abandoned. This is true particularly: of 
Kansas, where in some way the idea is almost universal that 
ore does not occur in limestone. Such a belief may bring 
very disastrous results, and, therefore, should not be en- 
couraged. On the other hand, it is true perhaps that ore 
rarely occurs in limestone proper. But along the border 
lines between flint and limestone, where the two overlap, as 
explained in chapter V, it is quite possible a shaft may reach 
a tongue of limestone which in reality is only a covering of 
