124 University Geological Survey of Kansas. 
spar occurs in such great abundance that it supplies a fair 
proportion of the marketable production of America. What 
its origin is probably is not known. But its association with 
the Silurian limestone is well known. If, now, the lead ore 
and zinc ore and dolomite of the Galena-Joplin district owe 
their origin to ascending waters which have carried these 
minerals upward from the Lower Silurian limestone, why 
did they not carry upward and deposit larger amounts of 
heavy spar? Its absence is very significant. 
(f) With the great abundance of lead ore and zinc ore 
scattered through the Coal Measure shales and limestones of 
the near by Kansas Coal Measures, as previously explained in 
detail in this report, it would seem that there might be some- 
what of a similarity of origin between the ore bodies in the 
two areas. The great richness of the ore bodies in the 
Burlington limestone and flint, and the small amount at any 
one place, but the wide distribution in the Coal Measures, 
can be accounted for easily by Winslow’s assumption that 
the rich ore bodies have been gathered by repeated sulphide 
enrichment processes as the Coal Measures gradually melted 
away under the ordinary influence of surface erosion. ‘These 
Coal Measure shales in general are almost water-proof, as is 
abundantly proven by the thousands of holes penetrating 
them in the Kansas oil fields near by. Almost invariably the 
shale beds are so dry that water is added in drilling opera- 
tions. Water is found when sandstone and limestone are 
reached, showing that the shales themselves have only a 
very slight water circulation, but which, however, is enough 
to effect a mere intimation of ore concentration, producing 
the wide-spread occurrence of little ore bodies, or ‘‘shines’’ 
of the prospector. It is believed that no one familiar with 
the general conditions would claim for a moment that these 
exceedingly numerous but small concentrations in any way 
were connected with fissures in the Coal Measures. There- 
fore, they must have originated from the materials of the 
Coal Measures themselves. If, now, our Coal Measures ex- 
tended eastward, as every one believes they did, why is it 
not reasonable to suppose the oft-repeated enrichment proc- 
esses throughout the long period of time required for their 
